How/Why does scientific change occur?

1. Feyerabend, P. (1998) "How to Defend Society Against Science" Radical Philosophy, No. 11 (1975), pp. 3-8. Copyright 1975, by Paul Feyerabend.reprinted on pp. 54-65 in Klemke, E.D., Hollinger, R. and D. W. Rudge (eds.) (1998) Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science (3rd ed.) Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books..

p. 2-7

What is the distinction between science and pseudo-science?

2. . Popper, K. (1998) "Science: Conjectures and Refutations" From Conjectures and Refutations, pp. 33-41, 52-59. New York: Harper and Row, 1963. Also published by Basic Books, New York, and Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, Copyright 1963, by Karl Popper. Reprinted on pp. 38-47 in Klemke, E.D., Hollinger, R. and D. W. Rudge (eds.) (1998) Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science (3rd ed.) Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

p. 8-12

3. Kitcher, P. (1998) "Believing Where We Cannot Prove" From Kitcher, Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1982, pp. 30-54. Copyright 1982, by Philip Kitcher. Reprinted on pp. 76-98 in Klemke, E.D., Hollinger, R. and D. W. Rudge (eds.) (1998) Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science (3rd ed.) Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

p. 13-24

How does biology differ from other sciences?

4. Mayr, E. (1982) "The Place of Biology in the Sciences and Its Conceptual Structure" pp. 21-82 in The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution and Inheritance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press..

p. 25-56

What was Darwin's method?

5. Ghiselin, M. (1984) "Natural Selection" pp. 46-77 in The Triumph of the Darwinian Method. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

p. 57-72

What is the structure of evolutionary theory?

6. Kitcher, P. (1985) "Darwin's Achievement" in Rescher, N. (ed.) Reason and Rationality in Natural Science. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, pp. 127-189.

p. 73-104

7. Beatty, J. (1981) "What's Wrong with the Received View of Evolutionary Theory", PSA 1980 v.2.397-426.

p. 105-20

What did Darwin's contemporaries see as the chief problems of his theory?

8. Hull, D. (1973) "Introduction", "Thomas Vernon Wollaston" and "Adam Sedgwick", pp. 3-15, 127-141, and 155-170 in Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

p. 121-44

Can biology be reduced to physics and chemistry?

9. Kitcher, P. (1984) "1953 and all that: A Tale of Two Sciences" Philosophical Review 93:335-374.

p. 145-64

10. Beatty, J. (1982) "The Insights and Oversights of Molecular Genetics: The Place of an Evolutionary Perspective" , P. Asquith and T. Nickles (eds.) PSA 1982 v.1.pp. 341-55.

p. 165-72

What is a species?

11. Hull, D. (1978) "A Matter of Individuality" Philosophy of Science 45:335-360, reprinted on pp. 623-45 in Sober, E. (ed.) Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology: An Anthology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

p. 173-95

12. Beatty, J. (1985) "Speaking of Species: Darwin's Strategy" in Kohn, D. (ed.) The Darwinian Heritage. Princeton University Press pp. 256-81.

p.196-204

At what levels does selection occur?

13. Brandon, R. (1982) "The Levels of Selection" In P. Asquinth and T. Nickles (eds.) PSA 1981, pp. 315-22.

p. 205-9

14. Sober, E. (1992) "Screening Off and the Units of Selection" Philosophy of Science 59: 142-152

p. 210-15

What role do values play in science?

15. Rudner, R. (1998) "The Scientist Qua Scientist Makes Value Judgments" ." Philosophy of Science, XX (1953), pp. 1-6. Copyright 1953 by Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Maryland. Reprinted on pp. 492-498 in Klemke, E.D., Hollinger, R. and D. W. Rudge (eds.) (1998) Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science (3rd ed.) Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

p. 216-19

16. Hempel, C. (1998) "Science and Human Values" ." Social Control in a Free Society, ed. by R. E. Spiller, pp. 39-64. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1960. Copyright 1960 by University of Pennsylvania Press. Reprinted on pp. 499-514 in Klemke, E.D., Hollinger, R. and D. W. Rudge (eds.) (1998) Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science (3rd ed.) Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

p. 219-27

17. McMullin, E. (1998) "Values in Science" Ernan McMullin, "Values in Science." Copyright 1983 by the Philosophy of Science Association, East Lansing, MI, 18 Morrill Hall, Dept. of Philosophy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. From PSA 1982, volume two, ed. P. D. Asquinth and T. Nickles, 1983, pp. 3-28. Reprinted on pp. 515-538 in Klemke, E.D., Hollinger, R. and D. W. Rudge (eds.) (1998) Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science (3rd ed.) Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

p. 227-39