Food
Production
Foraging
(hunter-gathering)
Three Types
of Pastoralism
1)Nomadic
pastoralism--means that everyone moves with the herds.
2)Transhumant--some people move, some people stay behind (Samburu practice both of these).
3)Agro-pastoralism--people may practice some agriculture, but still place their heaviest emphasis on rearing livestock.
Economy:A
population’s system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources
Formal
Economics:The
formalist approach to economics, it takes the position that economic theory
has to do with the ways people get the greatest personal satisfaction in
saving things and in distributing scarce resources, and that economic theory
ought to be general enough to apply to all human societies.
Substantive
Economic Approach:The
view that the principles of market economies cannot be applied to all societies,
and that a holistic approach is appropriate.A
holistic approach relates economic systems to the larger society in which
they are embedded, together with the cultural meanings specific to them.
Integrative theory of social stratification: The theory based on the assumption that social hierarchy is necessary for the smooth functioning of modern society.
Exploitative theory of social stratification: The theory based on the assumption that hierarchy exists because one group of individuals seeks to take advantage of another group for economic purposes.
Supply
and demand, law of:(Formal)
Economic rule that things cost more the scarcer they are and the more people
want them.
Means
(or factors) or production:Land,
labor, technology, and capital--major productive resources
Market
principle:One
of the three principles of exchange:Operates
in non-socialist industrial nations, as in the world-capitalist economy.It
is a profit-oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly
industrial states.Goods and services
are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand.
Redistribution:One
of the three principles of exchange:Associated
with chiefdoms, some nonindustrial states, and states with managed economies.It
operates when goods, services, or their equivalent move from the local
level to a center.The flow of goods
eventually reverses direction--out from the center, down through a hierarchy,
and back to the population.
Reciprocity:One
of the three principles of exchange:Predominates
in egalitarian band and tribal societies, among foragers, cultivators,
and pastoralists living in bands and tribes.(Some
form of reciprocity is seen in all societies.)It
governs exchange between social equals.
Generalized
Reciprocity:Principle
that characterizes exchange between closely related individuals:As
social distance increases, reciprocity becomes balanced and finally
negative.In generalized
reciprocity, the giver expects nothing concrete or immediate in return.
Balanced
Reciprocity:Form
of reciprocity which applies to individuals who are more distantly related
than are members of the same band or household.In
this form of reciprocity, individuals may not expect anything in return
immediately, but not getting anything eventually, would damage the relationship.
Negative
Reciprocity:Form
of reciprocity which is the most purely “economic.”Reciprocity
is expected to be immediate, and individuals try to maximize their immediate
return through barter.