PEPR 3320-APA Citations
Some examples of APA Citations. (Please realize that indentations are not possible because of html.). If you have questions, please use the e-mail link to e-mail me. I have put the citations in bold. These are examples of in-text APA Citations for ideas and for quotes.
Tourism was advocated as a rural community development tool not only in self development research, but in community development research by Burr (1994b), Bourke and Luloff (1995), and Allen, Hafer, Long, and Perdue (1993). Meanwhile, Galston and Baehler (1995) suggested that many rural communities "have turned to tourism as an alternative to the old smoke stack chasing and buffalo hunting strategies that dominated economic development in the 1960's and 1970's" (p. 177). Finally, Green, Flora, Flora, and Schmidt (1990) suggested that tourism development leads to "development of the community" as opposed to "development in the community". Thus, according to Shaffer and Summers (1989) "the creation and maintenance of activities [tourism], organizations, and institutions that strengthen interactional ties among residents are deemed essential" (p. 173). In other words, tourism development was an important component of the community development process. Therefore, studying the development of tourism assisted one to understand the process of community development.
There is now a need to marry
the research in tourism with research in rural community development. To some
extent that has been done as researchers in recreation and leisure as well as
community development have proposed tourism as a developmental tool. Tourism has
been proposed as one of the possible solutions to the ills of rural communities
in the United States. Research in community development, especially self development
research (Flora, Green, Gale, Schmidt, and Flora, 1992; Green, Flora, Flora,
and Schmidt, 1990) has shown that tourism is a developmental tool for communities.
Meanwhile, tourism researchers, (Burr, 1994a, 1994b; Lankford, 1994; Luloff,
et al. 1994) have also investigated tourism as a developmental tool in rural
communities. In other words, the topic of tourism as a developmental tool has
been approached by both sides, but neither side has approached the topic of the
process of tourism. All of the research cited in this literature review assumes
tourism as a pre-existing condition in rural communities. How that tourism entered
the community, how it was developed, and who developed it was the focus of this
investigation.
There is really no generally
accepted definition of tourism. For example, Blank (1989) suggested that
tourism is a complex system consisting of three major parts, the tourist, the
destination, and the linkages between the tourist and the destination. Theobald
(1994) suggested that tourism was defined in so many different ways that it
is extremely difficult to understand any definition. He suggested that tourism
"has been variously defined [or refined] by governments and academics related
to such fields as economics, sociology, cultural anthropology and geography" (p.
7). According to Theobald (1994) there are two different types of definitions
of tourism; conceptual definitions of tourism which serve to provide a theoretical
framework for understanding tourism; and technical definitions of tourism which
serve to provide tourism information for statistical purposes. Theobald (1994)
found that it was extremely difficult to precisely define tourism but suggested
that it was necessary to define tourism because the definition affected how research
data concerning tourism were interpreted.
These are
examples of APA Citations for different references. Remember, indentation is
not possible on the web and there are some changes in the newer edition of APA.
Chapter of an edited book.
Sokolow,
A.D. (1990). Leadership and implementation in rural economic development. In
Luloff, A.E. & Swanson, L.E. (Eds.) (1990). American Rural Communities
(pp. 203-214). Boulder: Westview Press.
A book:
Theobald,
W.F. (Ed.). (1994). Global tourism: The next decade. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
A Journal: Article by serveral
authors in a journal:
Goudy, W.J. (1976). Perceptions of a good community. Journal of the Community
Development Society, 7, 70-87.
Bergstrom, J.C., Cordell, H.K., Ashley, G.A., & Watson, A.E. (1990). Economic
impacts of recreational spending on rural areas: A case study. Economic Development
Quarterly, 4, 29-39.
Thursday, January 7, 2010 12:55 PM
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