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Roots of Vertical Integration in the Film Industry

1. Chaplin and vertical integration

2. Pathe in France

3. Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company (the "Trust")

4. Other studios as a reaction to the Trust:

a. Paramount (Zukor)

b. MGM (Loew)

c. Warner Bros.

d. Fox

5. UFA and German Expressionist cinema

a. formation of UFA; Germany after WWI

b. Expressionism; German Expressionism

c. Kracauer's study of Ger. Expr. film

d. impact of 20s German film on Hollywood