<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Review of linear algebra from Math 272</Text-field>

A matrix is simply a two dimensional array. Its elements can be numbers, expressions, or functions. The following is a simple matrix.

The size of a matrix is described by the number of rows and the

number of columns. The matrix 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 is a 2 by 3 matrix. A matrix is

square if it has the same number of rows as columns.

The elements of NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiMtSSNtaUdGJTY5USJBRigvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GKC8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYoLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRigvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRigvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjgvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjgvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGOC8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRigvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y4LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGOC8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y4LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjgvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjgvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y4LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjgvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSsyRH5Db21tZW50RigvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkQvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRC8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjIvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YoLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjU3IzYjJSJBRw== are labeled by row and column. The first row

of A is 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 and the second column is 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 . This means that

the 1,2 element of 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 is 2. Sometimes a general matrix 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 is written as

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 = 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 .

This enables one to write out matrix operations by specifying the

pattern for all elements of the matrix.

A vector is a one dimensional array that is identified with a column matrix,

a matrix with one column. The dimension of a vector is simply the number

of elements in the vector. The dimension of the vector (1,2,-2,-1) is 4.

It is simple to define matrices and vectors in Maple.

To put more than one line in an execution group use

a shift-enter.

A := Matrix([[1,2],[3,4]]); A1 := <<1,3>|<2,4>>; x := Vector([1,3,4]); x1 := <1,3,4>;

Simple Matrix Operations

To do matrix opertaions one should load the LinearAlgebra package for Maple.

Many of the linear algebra opertations in Maple will not work if'this

package is not loaded. A colon after a command in Maple suppresses

output from that command.

with(LinearAlgebra):

<Text-field executable="false" family="Times New Roman" opaque="false" foreground="[0,0,0]" superscript="false" placeholder="false" readonly="false" subscript="false" bold="false" italic="false" underline="false" background="[255,255,255]" size="12" linebreak="space" spaceabove="4" rightmargin="0" bullet="none" firstindent="0" linespacing="0.0" pagebreak-before="false" leftmargin="0" alignment="left" initial="0" spacebelow="4"><Font executable="false" family="Times New Roman" opaque="false" foreground="[0,0,0]" superscript="false" placeholder="false" readonly="false" subscript="false" bold="true" italic="false" underline="false" background="[0,0,0]" size="14">Addition</Text-field>

One adds matrices or vectors by adding the corresponding elements.

It is assumed that the two matrices being added have the same size.

The sum of two matrices 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 and 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 is defined

Here is the sum of two arbitray 3 by 2 matrices. It is done

in two different ways.

A := Matrix(2,3,(i,j) -> a[i,j]); B := Matrix(2,3,(i,j) -> b[i,j]); A_plus_B := Add(A,B); A_plus_B := A + B;

Here is the sum of two specific matrices.

A := Matrix([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]); B := Matrix([[7,8,9],[10,11,12]]); A_plus_B := A + B; A_plus_B := Add(A,B);

Subtracting one matrix from another is defined as adding

negative one times the second matrix to the first. (See the

next section.)

<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Scalar Multiplication</Text-field>

Multiplying a matrix or a vector by a scalar is defined as

multiplying every element of the matrix or vector by the scalar,

print(A); Multiply(A,2); 2*A;

Matrix multiplication can be viewed as composition of linear

functions. Because of this, the formula is fairly complex.

The product of 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 and 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 is define if 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 is m by n and 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 is n by k.

The result is an m by k matrix 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 whose i,j element is

In order for the product 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 to be defined the number of columns

of 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 must equal the number of rows of 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 .

For two arbitrary 2 by 2 matrices one has

A := Matrix(2,2,(i,j) -> a[i,j]); B := Matrix(2,2,(i,j) -> b[i,j]); A.B; Multiply(A,B);

Which method one uses for multiplying two matrices is a matter of personal choice.

Since a vector is a column matrix, one can mutiply a matrix by a vector.

Y := Vector(2,i->y[i]); A.Y;

Here is an example of multiplying two specific matrices.

A := Matrix([[2,3,-2],[0,-6,10]]); B := Matrix([[2,3,1],[1,0,1],[2,-2,6]]); AB := Multiply(A,B);

Special Matrices

There are several special types of matrices with which you should

be familiar. This is a list of three of those types of matrices.

An identity matrix is a square matrix with each diagonal element

equal to 1 and all other elements equal to 0. The diagonal elements

of an n x n matrix 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 are the elements 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 . Here is a 3 by 3

identity matrix.

To get an identity matrix in Maple one can use the diag command.

Ident_4 := IdentityMatrix(4);

The product of any matrix 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 with an appropriately sized

identity matrix is always 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 .

A := Matrix([[2,4,-1,3],[9,100,-23,7]]); Ident_2 := IdentityMatrix(2); Multiply(A,Ident_4); Multiply(Ident_2,A);

A zero matrix is a matrix of any size whose elements are

all zero.

If the sizes match, the product of any matrix 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 with a zero matrix is

always zero. The sum of any matrix 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 and a zero matrix is 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 .

print(B); Z := ZeroMatrix(3,3); Z_times_B := Z.B; Z_plus_B := Z+B;

A square matrix is diagonal if all the elements of the matrix

off the diagonal are zero. Here is a 3 by 3 diagonal matrix.

It is easy to generate a diagonal matrix in Maple using

the diag command.

Diag := DiagonalMatrix([1,2,3]);

Properties of matrix operations

The operations of matrix addition and multiplication have

similar properties to the same scalar operations. There

are differences.

Here is a list of properties that hold.

In the following 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 , NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiMtSSNtaUdGJTY5USJCRigvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GKC8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYoLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRigvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRigvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjgvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjgvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGOC8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRigvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y4LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGOC8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y4LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjgvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjgvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y4LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjgvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSsyRH5Db21tZW50RigvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkQvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRC8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjIvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YoLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjU3IzYjJSJCRw== , and 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 are matrices and 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 and 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

are scalars. The following are always true if the

operations are defined.

(2) NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiUtSSNtaUdGJTY5USFGKC8lJ2ZhbWlseUdRMFRpbWVzfk5ld35Sb21hbkYoLyUlc2l6ZUdRIzEyRigvJSVib2xkR1EmZmFsc2VGKC8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGKC8lKnVuZGVybGluZUdGOC8lKnN1YnNjcmlwdEdGOC8lLHN1cGVyc2NyaXB0R0Y4LyUrZm9yZWdyb3VuZEdRKFswLDAsMF1GKC8lK2JhY2tncm91bmRHRkQvJSdvcGFxdWVHRjgvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y4LyUpcmVhZG9ubHlHRjgvJSljb21wb3NlZEdGOC8lKmNvbnZlcnRlZEdGOC8lK2ltc2VsZWN0ZWRHRjgvJSxwbGFjZWhvbGRlckdGOC8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRKzJEfkNvbW1lbnRGKC8lKm1hdGhjb2xvckdGRC8lL21hdGhiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUrZm9udGZhbWlseUdGMi8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRigvJSltYXRoc2l6ZUdGNS1GJDYnRiwtRiQ2Jy1GLTY5USJBRihGMEYzRjZGOUY8Rj5GQEZCRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbkZobkZbby1JI21vR0YlNjNRIitGKC8lJWZvcm1HUSZpbmZpeEYoLyUmZmVuY2VHRjgvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjgvJSdsc3BhY2VHUTBtZWRpdW1tYXRoc3BhY2VGKC8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGYXAvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGOC8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGOC8lKG1heHNpemVHUSlpbmZpbml0eUYoLyUobWluc2l6ZUdRIjFGKC8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRjgvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y4LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y4LyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR0ZXLyUlc2l6ZUdGNS8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHRkQvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZELUYtNjlRIkJGKEYwRjNGNkY5RjxGPkZARkJGRUZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlVGWEZaRmZuRmhuRltvRmRvLUYtNjlRIkNGKEYwRjNGNkY5RjxGPkZARkJGRUZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlVGWEZaRmZuRmhuRltvLUZlbzYzUSI9RihGaG9GW3BGXXAvRmBwUS90aGlja21hdGhzcGFjZUYoL0ZjcEZmckZkcEZmcEZocEZbcUZecUZgcUZicUZkcUZmcUZocUZqcUZfb0YsRiw3IzYjLywoJSJBRyIiIiUiQkdGXXMlIkNHRl1zRltz

(3) NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiUtSSNtaUdGJTY5USFGKC8lJ2ZhbWlseUdRMFRpbWVzfk5ld35Sb21hbkYoLyUlc2l6ZUdRIzEyRigvJSVib2xkR1EmZmFsc2VGKC8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGKC8lKnVuZGVybGluZUdGOC8lKnN1YnNjcmlwdEdGOC8lLHN1cGVyc2NyaXB0R0Y4LyUrZm9yZWdyb3VuZEdRKFswLDAsMF1GKC8lK2JhY2tncm91bmRHRkQvJSdvcGFxdWVHRjgvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y4LyUpcmVhZG9ubHlHRjgvJSljb21wb3NlZEdGOC8lKmNvbnZlcnRlZEdGOC8lK2ltc2VsZWN0ZWRHRjgvJSxwbGFjZWhvbGRlckdGOC8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRKzJEfkNvbW1lbnRGKC8lKm1hdGhjb2xvckdGRC8lL21hdGhiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUrZm9udGZhbWlseUdGMi8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRigvJSltYXRoc2l6ZUdGNS1GJDYmRiwtRiQ2JS1JI21uR0YlNjlRIjBGKEYwRjNGNi9GOkY4RjxGPkZARkJGRUZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlVGWEZaRmZuL0ZpblEnbm9ybWFsRihGW28tSSNtb0dGJTYzUSIrRigvJSVmb3JtR1EmaW5maXhGKC8lJmZlbmNlR0Y4LyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y4LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EwbWVkaXVtbWF0aHNwYWNlRigvJSdyc3BhY2VHRmVwLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjgvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjgvJShtYXhzaXplR1EpaW5maW5pdHlGKC8lKG1pbnNpemVHUSIxRigvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y4LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGOC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGOC8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdGVy8lJXNpemVHRjUvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUrYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRC1GLTY5USJBRihGMEYzRjZGOUY8Rj5GQEZCRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbkZobkZbby1GaW82M1EiPUYoRlxwRl9wRmFwL0ZkcFEvdGhpY2ttYXRoc3BhY2VGKC9GZ3BGZ3JGaHBGanBGXHFGX3FGYnFGZHFGZnFGaHFGanFGXHJGXnJGYHJGLDcjNiMvLCYiIiEiIiIlIkFHRl5zRl9z

(4) 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(10) 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

(11) 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 (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 ) = (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 )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

(12) NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiMtSSNtaUdGJTY5USZhbHBoYUYoLyUnZmFtaWx5R1EwVGltZXN+TmV3flJvbWFuRigvJSVzaXplR1EjMTJGKC8lJWJvbGRHUSZmYWxzZUYoLyUnaXRhbGljR0Y4LyUqdW5kZXJsaW5lR0Y4LyUqc3Vic2NyaXB0R0Y4LyUsc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRHRjgvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1EoWzAsMCwwXUYoLyUrYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGQy8lJ29wYXF1ZUdGOC8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRjgvJSlyZWFkb25seUdGOC8lKWNvbXBvc2VkR0Y4LyUqY29udmVydGVkR0Y4LyUraW1zZWxlY3RlZEdGOC8lLHBsYWNlaG9sZGVyR0Y4LyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1ErMkR+Q29tbWVudEYoLyUqbWF0aGNvbG9yR0ZDLyUvbWF0aGJhY2tncm91bmRHRkMvJStmb250ZmFtaWx5R0YyLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGKC8lKW1hdGhzaXplR0Y1NyM2IyUmYWxwaGFH (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 ) = (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 )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 = 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 (NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiUtSSNtaUdGJTY5USFGKC8lJ2ZhbWlseUdRMFRpbWVzfk5ld35Sb21hbkYoLyUlc2l6ZUdRIzEyRigvJSVib2xkR1EmZmFsc2VGKC8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGKC8lKnVuZGVybGluZUdGOC8lKnN1YnNjcmlwdEdGOC8lLHN1cGVyc2NyaXB0R0Y4LyUrZm9yZWdyb3VuZEdRKFswLDAsMF1GKC8lK2JhY2tncm91bmRHRkQvJSdvcGFxdWVHRjgvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y4LyUpcmVhZG9ubHlHRjgvJSljb21wb3NlZEdGOC8lKmNvbnZlcnRlZEdGOC8lK2ltc2VsZWN0ZWRHRjgvJSxwbGFjZWhvbGRlckdGOC8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRKzJEfkNvbW1lbnRGKC8lKm1hdGhjb2xvckdGRC8lL21hdGhiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUrZm9udGZhbWlseUdGMi8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRigvJSltYXRoc2l6ZUdGNS1GJDYlLUYtNjlRJmFscGhhRihGMEYzRjYvRjpGOEY8Rj5GQEZCRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbi9GaW5RJ25vcm1hbEYoRltvLUkjbW9HRiU2M1ExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YoLyUlZm9ybUdRJmluZml4RigvJSZmZW5jZUdGOC8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGOC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJDBlbUYoLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZicC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y4LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y4LyUobWF4c2l6ZUdRKWluZmluaXR5RigvJShtaW5zaXplR1EiMUYoLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGOC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjgvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjgvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHRlcvJSVzaXplR0Y1LyUrZm9yZWdyb3VuZEdGRC8lK2JhY2tncm91bmRHRkQtRi02OVEiQkYoRjBGM0Y2RjlGPEY+RkBGQkZFRkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm5GaG5GW29GLDcjNiMqJiUmYWxwaGFHIiIiJSJCR0Zkcg== )

It is important to note that the order of multiplication matters even

when both matrices are square.

A := Matrix([[1,0,1],[2,2,2],[1,-1,-1]]); B := Matrix([[2,0,2],[1,-1,-1],[3,4,3]]); A_times_B := A.B; B_times_A := B.A;

Two more ways of getting new matrices.

The transpose of a matrix 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 is the matrix

One can view this as exchanging the rows and

columns of a matrix.

In maple one uses the Transpose command.

A := Matrix([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]); Transpose(A);

A square matrix is symmetric if 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 . Here is a

symmetric matrix .

There are rules for computing transposes.

<Text-field executable="false" family="Times New Roman" opaque="false" foreground="[0,0,0]" superscript="false" placeholder="false" readonly="false" subscript="false" bold="false" italic="false" underline="false" background="[255,255,255]" size="12" linebreak="space" spaceabove="0" rightmargin="0" bullet="none" firstindent="0" linespacing="0.0" pagebreak-before="false" leftmargin="0" alignment="left" initial="0" spacebelow="0"><Font executable="false" family="Times New Roman" opaque="false" foreground="[0,0,0]" superscript="false" placeholder="false" readonly="false" subscript="false" bold="true" italic="true" underline="false" background="[0,0,0]" size="12">Rlues for computing with transposes.</Text-field>

(1) 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

(2) 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

(3) 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

It is easy to check if the rules are equalities for

2 by 2 matrices in Maple.

A := Matrix(2,2,(i,j)->a[i,j]); B := Matrix(2,2,(i,j) -> b[i,j]); Transpose(Multiply(A,B)) + ((-1)*(Multiply(Transpose(B),Transpose(A))));

The inverse of a square matrix 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 is a matrix 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 such that

It is important to note that not all square matrices have an inverse.

For example, LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2OVEhRicvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GJy8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYnLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjcvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjcvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGNy8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRicvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZDLyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y3LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGNy8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y3LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjcvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjcvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y3LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSsyRH5Db21tZW50RicvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkMvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGQy8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjEvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjQtRiM2Ji1GLDY5USJDRidGL0YyRjVGOEY7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGRkZIRkpGTEZORlBGUkZURldGWUZlbkZnbkZqbi1JI21vR0YkNjNRIj1GJy8lJWZvcm1HUSZpbmZpeEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHRjcvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjcvJSdsc3BhY2VHUS90aGlja21hdGhzcGFjZUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZecC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y3LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y3LyUobWF4c2l6ZUdRKWluZmluaXR5RicvJShtaW5zaXplR1EiMUYnLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjcvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHRlYvJSVzaXplR0Y0LyUrZm9yZWdyb3VuZEdGQy8lK2JhY2tncm91bmRHRkMtRiM2JS1GYm82M1EiW0YnL0Zmb1EncHJlZml4RicvRmlvRjpGam8vRl1wUS50aGlubWF0aHNwYWNlRicvRmBwRmJyL0ZicEY6RmNwRmVwRmhwRltxRl1xRl9xRmFxRmNxRmVxRmdxLUYjNiVGKy1JJ210YWJsZUdGJDYkLUkkbXRyR0YkNiQtSSRtdGRHRiQ2Iy1JI21uR0YkNjlRIjBGJ0YvRjJGNS9GOUY3RjtGPUY/RkFGREZGRkhGSkZMRk5GUEZSRlRGV0ZZRmVuL0ZoblEnbm9ybWFsRidGam4tRl5zNiMtRmFzNjlGanBGL0YyRjVGZHNGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkZGSEZKRkxGTkZQRlJGVEZXRllGZW5GZXNGam4tRltzNiRGXXNGXXNGKy1GYm82M1EiXUYnL0Zmb1EocG9zdGZpeEYnRmByRmpvRmFyL0ZgcFEydmVyeXRoaW5tYXRoc3BhY2VGJ0ZkckZjcEZlcEZocEZbcUZdcUZfcUZhcUZjcUZlcUZncUYrRis= does not have an inverse. This is easy to show

since the first row of 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 is a linear combination of the rows of 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 . It

cannot be the first row of 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 since there would be a 1 in the 1,1 position.

<Text-field executable="false" family="Times New Roman" opaque="false" foreground="[0,0,0]" superscript="false" placeholder="false" readonly="false" subscript="false" bold="false" italic="false" underline="false" background="[255,255,255]" size="12" linebreak="space" spaceabove="0" rightmargin="0" bullet="none" firstindent="0" linespacing="0.0" pagebreak-before="false" leftmargin="0" alignment="left" initial="0" spacebelow="0"><Font executable="false" family="Times New Roman" opaque="false" foreground="[0,0,0]" superscript="false" placeholder="false" readonly="false" subscript="false" bold="true" italic="true" underline="false" background="[0,0,0]" size="12">Computing inverses</Text-field>

When using matrices in practice one should not compute the inverse of a

matrix unless it is essential. There are a number of ways to calculate an

inverse. You can look them up in a linear algebra text.

With Maple one can use the command inverse to find the inverse of a matrix.

A := Matrix([[3,-2],[4,-1]]); MatrixInverse(A);

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The following hold if 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 and B are invertable matrixs.

(1) NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiUtSSNtaUdGJTY5USFGKC8lJ2ZhbWlseUdRMFRpbWVzfk5ld35Sb21hbkYoLyUlc2l6ZUdRIzEyRigvJSVib2xkR1EmZmFsc2VGKC8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGKC8lKnVuZGVybGluZUdGOC8lKnN1YnNjcmlwdEdGOC8lLHN1cGVyc2NyaXB0R0Y4LyUrZm9yZWdyb3VuZEdRKFswLDAsMF1GKC8lK2JhY2tncm91bmRHRkQvJSdvcGFxdWVHRjgvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y4LyUpcmVhZG9ubHlHRjgvJSljb21wb3NlZEdGOC8lKmNvbnZlcnRlZEdGOC8lK2ltc2VsZWN0ZWRHRjgvJSxwbGFjZWhvbGRlckdGOC8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRKzJEfkNvbW1lbnRGKC8lKm1hdGhjb2xvckdGRC8lL21hdGhiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUrZm9udGZhbWlseUdGMi8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRigvJSltYXRoc2l6ZUdGNS1JJW1zdXBHRiU2JS1GJDYlLUkjbW9HRiU2M1EiKEYoLyUlZm9ybUdRJ3ByZWZpeEYoLyUmZmVuY2VHRjsvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjgvJSdsc3BhY2VHUS50aGlubWF0aHNwYWNlRigvJSdyc3BhY2VHRl9wLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjsvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjgvJShtYXhzaXplR1EpaW5maW5pdHlGKC8lKG1pbnNpemVHUSIxRigvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y4LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGOC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGOC8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdGVy8lJXNpemVHRjUvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUrYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRC1GXm82JS1GLTY5USJBRihGMEYzRjZGOUY8Rj5GQEZCRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbkZobkZbby1GJDYlRmJvLUYkNiQtRmNvNjNRKiZ1bWludXMwO0YoRmZvL0Zqb0Y4RltwL0ZecFEkMGVtRigvRmFwRmhyL0ZjcEY4RmRwRmZwRmlwRlxxRl5xRmBxRmJxRmRxRmZxRmhxLUkjbW5HRiU2OUZbcUYwRjNGNi9GOkY4RjxGPkZARkJGRUZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlVGWEZaRmZuL0ZpblEnbm9ybWFsRihGW28tRmNvNjNRIilGKC9GZ29RKHBvc3RmaXhGKEZpb0ZbcEZdcC9GYXBRMnZlcnl0aGlubWF0aHNwYWNlRihGYnBGZHBGZnBGaXBGXHFGXnFGYHFGYnFGZHFGZnFGaHEvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYoRmFzRl9yRmhzRiw3IzYjKSklIkFHLCQiIiIhIiJGYHQ=

(2) 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

<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Determinants</Text-field>

The determinant of a matrix is a number that is formally

defined thorugh a somewhat confusing formula. It is easy to

calculate for 2 by 2 and 3 by three matrices.

For a 2 by 2 matrix the determinant is

The determinant for a 3 by 3 matrix can be written through a cofactor

expansion. Here

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 .

This can be written out as a formula without determinants of

smaller matrices.

LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2OVEhRicvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GJy8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYnLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjcvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjcvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGNy8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRicvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZDLyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y3LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGNy8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y3LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjcvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjcvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y3LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSsyRH5Db21tZW50RicvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkMvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGQy8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjEvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjQtRiM2J0YrLUYjNiYtRiw2OVEkZGV0RidGL0YyRjVGOEY7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGRkZIRkpGTEZORlBGUkZURldGWUZlbkZnbkZqbi1JI21vR0YkNjNRMCZBcHBseUZ1bmN0aW9uO0YnLyUlZm9ybUdRJmluZml4RicvJSZmZW5jZUdGNy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNy8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJDBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZgcC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y3LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y3LyUobWF4c2l6ZUdRKWluZmluaXR5RicvJShtaW5zaXplR1EiMUYnLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjcvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHRlYvJSVzaXplR0Y0LyUrZm9yZWdyb3VuZEdGQy8lK2JhY2tncm91bmRHRkMtRiM2JS1GZG82M1EiKEYnL0Zob1EncHJlZml4RicvRltwRjpGXHAvRl9wUS50aGlubWF0aHNwYWNlRicvRmJwRmRyL0ZkcEY6RmVwRmdwRmpwRl1xRl9xRmFxRmNxRmVxRmdxRmlxLUYjNiVGKy1GIzYlLUZkbzYzUSJbRidGYHJGYnJGXHBGY3JGZXJGZnJGZXBGZ3BGanBGXXFGX3FGYXFGY3FGZXFGZ3FGaXEtRiM2JUYrLUknbXRhYmxlR0YkNiUtSSRtdHJHRiQ2JS1JJG10ZEdGJDYjLUklbXN1YkdGJDYmLUYsNjlRImFGJ0YvRjJGNUY4RjtGPUY/RkFGREZGRkhGSkZMRk5GUEZSRlRGV0ZZRmVuRmduRmpuLUYjNiUtSSNtbkdGJDY5RlxxRi9GMkY1L0Y5RjdGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkZGSEZKRkxGTkZQRlJGVEZXRllGZW4vRmhuUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Zqbi1GZG82M1EiLEYnRmdvRmpvL0ZdcEY6Rl5wL0ZicFEzdmVyeXRoaWNrbWF0aHNwYWNlRidGY3BGZXBGZ3BGanBGXXFGX3FGYXFGY3FGZXFGZ3FGaXFGYXQvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy8lLHBsYWNlaG9sZGVyR0Y3LUZnczYjLUZqczYmRlx0LUYjNiVGYXRGZ3QtRmJ0NjlRIjJGJ0YvRjJGNUZkdEY7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGRkZIRkpGTEZORlBGUkZURldGWUZlbkZldEZqbkZddUZgdS1GZ3M2Iy1GanM2JkZcdC1GIzYlRmF0Rmd0LUZidDY5USIzRidGL0YyRjVGZHRGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkZGSEZKRkxGTkZQRlJGVEZXRllGZW5GZXRGam5GXXVGYHUtRmRzNiUtRmdzNiMtRmpzNiZGXHQtRiM2JUZodUZndEZhdEZddUZgdS1GZ3M2Iy1GanM2JkZcdC1GIzYlRmh1Rmd0Rmh1Rl11RmB1LUZnczYjLUZqczYmRlx0LUYjNiVGaHVGZ3RGYXZGXXVGYHUtRmRzNiUtRmdzNiMtRmpzNiZGXHQtRiM2JUZhdkZndEZhdEZddUZgdS1GZ3M2Iy1GanM2JkZcdC1GIzYlRmF2Rmd0Rmh1Rl11RmB1LUZnczYjLUZqczYmRlx0LUYjNiVGYXZGZ3RGYXZGXXVGYHVGKy1GZG82M1EiXUYnL0Zob1EocG9zdGZpeEYnRmJyRlxwRmNyL0ZicFEydmVyeXRoaW5tYXRoc3BhY2VGJ0ZmckZlcEZncEZqcEZdcUZfcUZhcUZjcUZlcUZncUZpcUYrLUZkbzYzUSIpRidGX3lGYnJGXHBGY3JGYXlGZnJGZXBGZ3BGanBGXXFGX3FGYXFGY3FGZXFGZ3FGaXFGKy1GZG82M1EiPUYnRmdvRmpvRlxwL0ZfcFEvdGhpY2ttYXRoc3BhY2VGJy9GYnBGanlGY3BGZXBGZ3BGanBGXXFGX3FGYXFGY3FGZXFGZ3FGaXEtRiM2L0YrLUYjNilGK0Zpcy1GZG82M1ExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnRmdvRmpvRlxwRl5wRmFwRmNwRmVwRmdwRmpwRl1xRl9xRmFxRmNxRmVxRmdxRmlxRl53RmB6Rmh4RistRmRvNjNRKCZtaW51cztGJ0Znb0Zqb0ZccC9GX3BRMG1lZGl1bW1hdGhzcGFjZUYnL0ZicEZnekZjcEZlcEZncEZqcEZdcUZfcUZhcUZjcUZlcUZncUZpcS1GIzYpRitGaXNGYHpGZHdGYHpGYnhGK0Zjei1GIzYpRitGaHZGYHpGZHVGYHpGaHhGKy1GZG82M1EiK0YnRmdvRmpvRlxwRmZ6Rmh6RmNwRmVwRmdwRmpwRl1xRl9xRmFxRmNxRmVxRmdxRmlxLUYjNilGK0ZodkZgekZddkZgekZieEYrRl1bbC1GIzYpRitGXHhGYHpGZHVGYHpGZHdGK0Zjei1GIzYpRitGXHhGYHpGXXZGYHpGXndGK0YrRitGKw== .

The determinants for 2 by 2 and 3 by 3 matrices are

easily computed using the Maple Determinant command.

A := Matrix([[a,b],[c,d]]); Determinant(A);

B := Matrix(3,3,(i,j)->b[i,j]); Det_B :=Determinant(B);

It is easier to remember the cofactor expansion formula

for a 3 by 3 determinant. Here 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 dnotes the matrix

obtained by deleting the 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 th row and 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 th column. Then

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

where 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 represents a row of 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 . The same forumla holds

for a column expansion for 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 . This formula holds for

arbitrary 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 by 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 matrices.

There is also a way of calculating determinants of 2 by 2

and 3 by 3 matrices using the sum of products along

diagonals going up and down. See a linear algebra text

for these formulas.

<Text-field executable="false" family="Times New Roman" opaque="false" foreground="[0,0,0]" superscript="false" placeholder="false" readonly="false" subscript="false" bold="false" italic="false" underline="false" background="[255,255,255]" size="12" linebreak="space" spaceabove="8" rightmargin="0" bullet="none" firstindent="0" linespacing="0.0" pagebreak-before="false" leftmargin="0" alignment="left" initial="0" spacebelow="2"><Font executable="false" family="Times New Roman" opaque="false" foreground="[0,0,0]" superscript="false" placeholder="false" readonly="false" subscript="false" bold="true" italic="false" underline="false" background="[0,0,0]" size="14">The inverse of a 2 by 2 and determinants.</Text-field>

There is a formula for the inverse of an 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 by 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 matrix

that uses determinants. It is relatively simple for

a 2 by 2 matrix. In this case one has

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

There are several special cases when it is easy to calculate a determinant.

If a matrix is diagonal, i.e. all entries off the main diagonal are zero, then

the determinant is the product of the diagonal elements. Similarly, if

a matrix is upper (lower) triangular, i.e. all elements below (above) the

main diagonal are zero, the the determinant is the product of the

diagonal elements of the matrix.

Here are some examples.

C := DiagonalMatrix([a,b,c,d]); det_C := Determinant(C);

E := Matrix([[-2,3,4],[0,5,1],[0,0,-3]]); det_E := Determinant(E);

<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Linear Transformations</Text-field>

A linear transformation is a special type of function. It satisfies the

following two properties.

(1) 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 ,

and

(2) 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 .

There are quite a few functions that satisfy these two properites.

The most important ones for multivariate calculus are those from

in the form

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 .

The left hand side of this expression is the 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 th component of 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 .

If one takes NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiMtSSNtaUdGJTY5USJBRigvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GKC8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYoLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRigvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRigvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjgvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjgvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGOC8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRigvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y4LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGOC8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y4LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjgvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjgvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y4LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjgvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSsyRH5Db21tZW50RigvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkQvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRC8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjIvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YoLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjU3IzYjJSJBRw== to be the NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiMtSSNtaUdGJTY5USJtRigvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GKC8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYoLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRigvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRigvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjgvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjgvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGOC8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRigvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y4LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGOC8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y4LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjgvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjgvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y4LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjgvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSgyRH5NYXRoRigvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkQvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRC8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjIvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YoLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjU3IzYjSSJtR0Yo by NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiMtSSNtaUdGJTY5USJuRigvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GKC8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYoLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRigvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRigvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjgvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjgvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGOC8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRigvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZELyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y4LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGOC8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y4LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjgvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjgvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y4LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjgvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSgyRH5NYXRoRigvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkQvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRC8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjIvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YoLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjU3IzYjSSJuR0Yo matrix with entries 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 , then one can write

In fact, any linear transformation from 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 to 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 can be written this way.

For example, one can check that

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

can also be represented as

Here is a definition of 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 in Maple. Note how one can define

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 as a function of 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 .

A := <<2,-1>|<-1,6>>; y1 := Vector(2,i->y[i]); T := y-> Multiply(A,y): T_of_y1 := T(y1);

This makes it easy to see that the composition of linear transformations

translates to matrix multiplication.

Here is a second linear transformation,

B := <<1,-1>|<0,3>>; x1 := Vector(2,i->x[i]); S := x-> Multiply(B,x): S_of_x1 := S(x1);

Now we can compose the two transformations and

compare that with the product of the two matrices.

S_of_T_of_y1 := S(T(y1)); B_times_A := B.A; B_A_y1 := B.A.y1;

It is clear that these are equal. If you have trouble remembering that

matrix multiplication does not commute, remember that it is

equivalent to the composition of linear transformations..

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A linear transformation NiQtSSVtcm93RzYjL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUc2IkksVHlwZXNldHRpbmdHSShfc3lzbGliR0YoNiMtSSNtaUdGJTY5USJURigvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GKC8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYoLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRigvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRigvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjgvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjgvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGOC8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRigvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZE