European Colonialism
lI.
Impacts of the Conquest on
lII.
Impacts of the Conquest on
lIII.
European Conquest and Exploitation of the Amazon
lIV.
The Peruvian
lV.
The Maya in the
lVI.
Conclusions
I. Impacts of the Conquest on
lA. European Exploration, Trade
and Conquest 1450-1650
l1.
l2. European nations feared the
further expansion of the neighboring ____________________________, a far
wealthier and more powerful empire that already controlled part of
l3.
Invasion of
l4.
Invasion of
l5.
Initial expansion was typically limited to creating
_______________________________
lA.6.
When formal conquest did take place during the 1500s and 1600s, Europeans
typically only replaced ___________________________ and did not transform
existing economic systems and politics
l7.
From 1560s in
lB.
Initial Contacts with
l1.
Columbus and others thought they had reached ___________
l2.
goal of westward exploration was to gain access to ___________________________
(spices, precious metals, silk, manufactured goods) without long overland
journey across
lB.3.
Spain had just become a unified nation, in part linked to spreading
______________________________
l4.
European wars intensified demand for gold and silver to ____________________
l5.
conquistador expeditions were typically funded as
_____________________________________ intended to make leaders and investors
wealthy by exploiting natural resources
lB.6.
___________________________________ in 1494 divided
l7.
lC. How did small numbers of
Europeans conquer Latin American societies?
l1. gunpowder, firearms,
________________________________
l2.
____________________________________ and fear in the case of the Aztecs
l3. alliances with rival
__________________________________ who opposed Aztecs and Incas
l4. ___________________________________: smallpox, influenza, common cold, tetanus, venereal diseases
lC.5. “Fall of the Aztec and
Maya Empires”
la. How would you describe the
cities of
lb. How did the Spanish conquer
these much larger empires?
lD. How did Latin American
silver affect
l1. silver vastly increased the
amount of _____________________________________ in
l2. silver made European
development, including the ______________________________, possible by
providing capital for investment in industry
lD.3.
____________________________ captured only a limited share of these benefits;
most went to
l4. other European nations protected
their _____________________________ and promoted growth of manufacturing, while
Spanish industry declined
lD.5.
Spanish wealth wasted on ____________________________________ and wars of
Hapsburg empire against Protestant nations of northern
l6.
Brazilian gold paid for import of
________________________________________________ to
lD.7.
depletion of Indian labor supplies led to increasing import of
___________________ to
l8.
the slave trade became an important source of __________________________________
in
II. Impacts of the Conquest on
lA. Initially Only Took Over
Position of _______________________________
l1. continued to
________________________________ from conquered peoples as Aztecs and Incas had
done
l2. depended on
_________________________ to extract tribute and labor for them
l3. began to
______________________________________ in mid-1500s, but distance from
lB. Mining 1550-Onward
l1. discovery of major
_______________________________ deposits made export of precious metals
possible
l2. need for large amounts of
labor for terrible jobs could not be met by existing ________________________
l3. major cities like
lC.
Plantation (Encomienda, Hacienda) Agriculture
l1.
_________________ production for mines and colonial cities
l2.
__________________ production for export to
l3.
declining indigenous populations and ________________________________ for
plantations led to the growth of the African slave trade
lD. What effects did exports
have on Latin American development?
l1. removal of silver, gold,
sugar and other wealth for export to
l2.
_______________________________________ that existed in
lD.3.
Export of capital meant that there was limited wealth available to _________________
in
l4.
much of the available wealth was wasted on ostentatious consumption by ______,
just as happened in
l5.
areas most closely tied to export to
lE.
What effects did the conquest have on indigenous groups?
l1.
severe _________________________________ from war, disease, and collapse of
agricultural production systems (from 70-90 million in 1500 to 3.5 million by
1650)
l2.
___________ for labor in mines and plantations (especially sugar) via encomienda grants to conquistadores
lE.3. terrible working
conditions and poisoning from mercury (mined and used to separate silver and gold
from ore) led to _____________________________ of slaves in mines
l4. long history of
___________________ against colonial powers and flight to more remote areas
l5. “Indian” clothing imposed
by Spanish at end of 1700s to distinguish Indians from mestizos
and Spanish, but “Indian” clothing was based on ________________________________________
lE.6. consumption of
___________ by Indians encouraged by Spanish as a business opportunity for
Spanish landowners, a source of income for the church, and to allow Indians to
keep working in terrible conditions
l7. Indians forced onto
___________________________________
l8. land ownership
______________________________ in the hands of a small number of families, a
legacy that remains a central element of inequality today
l9. social hierarchy linked
___________________________, another legacy that remains today
III. European Conquest and Exploitation of the Amazon
lA. European Conquest
l1. most of Amazon conquered by
__________________________ Empire; these areas now
l2. some upriver areas
conquered by ________________; now part of
l3. gradual process during the
1500s and 1600s because of difficult natural conditions and _______________ by
large indigenous groups
lA.4.
during 1500s and 1600s, primary goals of conquest were:
la.
search for ___________________________________
lb.
conversion of indigenous groups to _______________________
lc.
protecting land from competing ______________________, including Spanish,
French, Dutch, and British
lB.
Video: “Aguirre, the Wrath of God”
l1.
historical Spanish conquistador who traveled down the Amazon in search of
wealth in the early 1500s
l2.
What does the movie show about:
la. the natural conditions in the region?
lb. the difficulty of traveling in the region?
lc. the importance of rivers?
ld. relations with Peruvian Indians?
lB.3. movie is a parable about
later efforts to occupy the Amazon: the use of ______________________, lack of
knowledge about the region, and the failure of efforts to “conquer” the Amazon
l4. Concern to protect the
Amazon from ___________________________________ has been a constant theme in
the region’s history; recent decades have seen the Brazilian government seek to
conquer this frontier as its Manifest Destiny to exploit its resources
lB.5.
Political control maintained by taking over ______________________________
population centers as missions and forts to control the movement of people and
goods on the rivers
l6.
only ____________________________ made by the Portuguese from their Amazon
empire because of difficult natural conditions
lC.
Effects of Conquest on Indigenous Groups: Dramatic Population Declines
l1.
causes include ______________________________ (measles, common cold, whooping
cough, influenza)
l2.
In one century (early 1500s to early 1600s), the indigenous population declined
by ________________
lD.
Economic Exploitation: mid-1700s to late 1800s
l1.
Marquis de Pombal, new imperial governor, launches
effort to ____________________ from the Amazon
l2.
comes into conflict with the _________________________ who sought to protect
indigenous groups from exploitation
lD.3.
Pombal _________________________________ and made
Indian labor available to Portuguese settlers
l4.
use of indigenous labor allows the ________________________________ in the
region
l5.
unique mixture of Portuguese and indigenous culture called
________________________ begins to evolve in the region
lD.6. increased exploitation of
indigenous labor in gathering and processing forest products for export and on
sugar plantations in
l7. Pombal
established the long term pattern for the Amazon’s relationship with the world
economy: extracting ____________________________ for export to the developed
countries of
lE.
Effects of Conquest on the Environment
l1.
high European demand for __________________________________________
l2.
_________________________________ for export led to extinction of manatees and
other large river mammals, as well as the sharp decline of river turtle
populations (3 feet long, 150 pounds)
lE.3.
this reduced the food available to _______________________________, further
reducing their size, and removed key parts of river ecosystems
l4.
another result of reduction and relocation of indigenous populations was the
loss of their ______________ _______________________________for utilizing the
region’s resources
IV. The Peruvian
lA.
Role of ______________________ in Conquest
l1.
Spanish conquistadores formed alliances with
___________________________________ to conquer Incas (and Aztecs in
l2.
Incas had conquered these groups and forced them to pay _______________________
to the Inca empire
l3.
other indigenous groups saw alliance with Spanish as ___________________________
lB.
Peruvian Production Systems
l1.
based on ____________________________________________ among kinship groups
l2.
a kinship group had members spread across a variety of
___________________________ and specializing in the production of a variety of
agricultural goods to reduce risk of crop failure, bad weather, disease
lB.3. __________________
(chiefs) were leaders of these kinship groups, allocating labor and goods among
the members of the group
l4. chiefs did not have
____________________________; had to maintain legitimacy by meeting the needs
of members of the group
l5. these kinship networks
created _____________________________ over land and very valuable ecological
areas (e.g. coca fields) between these networks and shifting alliances between
networks
lC.
Post-Conquest Spanish-Indigenous Relations
l1.
other groups saw Spanish as allies and an opportunity to
____________________________ economic and political interests
l2.
indigenous groups had been impressed by Spanish _______________________________
lC.3.
Spanish __________________________ were dependent on kurakas
to provide labor and goods, requiring negotiations, provision of goods and
land, and limiting Spanish power over Indians
l4.
despite these limits, labor conditions for Indians were ______________ and many
Indians died from maltreatment
lC.5.
indigenous leaders were able to _______________________________ about resources
and labor from Spanish encomenderos
l6.
Spanish colonial state was very weak; ________________________________________
were the main form of imperial control over Indians
lD.
How did the discovery of large gold, silver and mercury deposits affect
Spanish-Indian relations in
l1.
many Indians and their leaders became _________________________ in the new
mining-based economy
l2.
demand for labor for mines _______________________________ for Indian labor
dramatically
lD.3.
existing systems of _____________________________ could not provide enough
labor for the mines
l4.
Indians in Huamanga region had fared relatively well
in alliances with Spanish, even being able to offer a
_________________________________ to the Spanish king to end the encomienda system
lE.
What caused the breakdown of the Spanish-Indian alliances?
l1.
even though population declines were relatively limited, decline and disease
were seen as signs of social and religious problems and
____________________________________ into question
l2.
local societies were dependent on Spanish to __________________________ and
protect their interests
lE.3. demands for labor from mines
and priests exceeded kin groups’ ________________________________ to comply
l4. Spanish appeared
____________________________ because of debate over encomienda
and weak state presence
lF. Indigenous Response: break
alliances and rebel against Spanish
l1. this led to a Spanish
victory and fundamental reorganization of Indians into _______________________
for mines
V. The Maya in the
lA.
Early Spanish Interest in the
l1.
__________________________; rainforest environment did not seem to offer many
resources of interest and was not suitable for Spanish military operations
l2.
Spanish settled in northwestern part, but much of region remained
_______________________________ for centuries
lB.
Effects of Spanish Conquest on Maya
l1.
European ___________________ reduced population
l2.
Spanish conquest disrupted ____________________________ that Maya had depended
on economically
l3.
French, Dutch and English _____________________ attacked Maya settlements
lB.4.
Spanish _____________________ many Maya from coastal regions
l5.
many Maya _______________________ to regions of the
l6.
many Maya areas remained outside Spanish and later Mexican control until roads
were built into the region in _______________
lC. Maya Response to Conquest
and Wars with Spanish and Mexicans
l1. saw invasions as part of
long ___________________________ that repeated themselves
l2. some groups formed
_________________ with Spanish to advance their own interests, another
longstanding pattern
l3. did not see Spanish as
_______________, as Aztecs had done and been paralyzed
l4. ___________________ to
Spanish and then the Mexican government has continued ever since the conquest
VI. Conclusions
lA.
Conquest was an _______________________, lasting decades and even centuries in
a few areas because of resistance
lB.
Existing economic systems were not initially transformed by conquest, but
within a century economies and ecosystems were __________________ by Spanish
and Portuguese to export silver, gold and agricultural products to
lC.
________________________________ were not captured by
lD.
Indigenous populations and ecosystems were ______________________________________
by conquest