Independence

nI. Legacies of the Colonial Era

nII. The Struggle for Independence

nIII. Building New Nations after Independence

nIV. Constraints on Independence and Development

nV. Argentina and the Challenges of Independence

nVI. Conclusions

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I. Legacies of the Colonial Era

nA. Spain’s Efforts to Maintain Its Empire

n1. by mid-1700s, Great Britain, France, Holland and other European nations had become __________________________________ in the Caribbean, smugglers of industrial products into Spanish colonies, and ____________ who raided Spanish ships and colonies

n2. the failure of Spain to industrialize led colonies to develop their own ______________________ to meet local needs, reducing their dependence on Spain as the supplier of European manufactured goods

n3. Bourbon Reforms opened colonies to __________________________ with each other and other European nations in an effort to maintain Spanish political control

nA.4. Bourbon political reforms sought to increase Spanish control, but mainly _____________ colonial elites who had treated colonial government positions as opportunities to enrich themselves and their families

n5. Creole (_________________________________) elites began seeking to escape Spain’s control

nB. Legacies of Colonialism

n1. concentrated land ownership and slavery produced highly ___________________________ societies, with a small, very wealthy elite and the vast majority very poor

n2. elites sought to maintain their positions after independence and had the __________________

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II. The Struggle for Independence

nA. The Haitian Social Revolution, 1791-1804

n1. Why was Haiti’s revolution important for Latin America and the world?

nB. The Spanish Colonies’ War for Independence

n1. Spanish colonies rebelled against Spain in 1810s while ____________________ controlled the Spanish empire by appointing his brother as the Spanish king

n2. _____________________________ by the poor and Indians in Mexico in 1810 and earlier rebellions in the 1780s in Peru and Colombia had frightened _________________________ who feared losing their wealth and power as the result of independence

nB.3. ________________________________ took 15 years, but led to independence in 1824-25 after Napoleon’s fall and a revolution in Spain

n4. initial goal was to build _________________________ including all Spanish colonies

n5. political divisions between different colonies and groups led to _________________, political instability, and the creation of many different nations, rather than one “United States of Latin America”

n6. long war for independence destroyed much of Spanish Latin America’s ______________

nC. Brazil’s Independence

n1. Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal in 1807 caused the ___________ to move to Brazil until 1821

n2. Brazil became independent in 1822 with the son of the ____________________________ proclaimed the king of Brazil and supported by Brazilian elite

n3. peaceful independence and __________________________________ under the monarchy meant that Brazil maintained its territorial integrity and had relatively little internal political conflict

III. Building New Nations after Independence

nA. Creating New Nations

n1. new nations modeled laws after __________________________

n2. new nations sought to become __________________ like the wealthier nations of Western Europe

n3. elites blocked _______________________________ by the rest of society using their wealth to protect their positions

n4. the military and regional elite leaders with their own armies (_________________) often seized direct control and installed themselves as _______________________ as part of efforts to maintain the existing social order

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IV. Constraints on Independence and Development

nA. The Relationship with Great Britain

n1. Great Britain, the most powerful nation in the 1800s and early 1900s, replaced Spain as the major _________________________________________________ in Latin America

n2. British firms invested in _______________________________ and other industries, becoming the major source of capital for investment and development

n3. _______________________ were the main markets for Latin American raw materials, including minerals, wheat and beef, because of Britain’s rapid industrialization

nA.4. Latin America became __________________________________ on Great Britain, including vulnerability to British economic and diplomatic pressure

n5. Despite independence, Latin American nations were unable to become wealthy like Western Europe and later the U.S.: why?

nB. The Development of Underdevelopment

n1. ______________________________ of concentration of land, extreme inequality, exporting raw materials and agricultural products to Europe, and blocked political participation made economic development difficult

nB.2. ______________________: economic progress measured either by economic growth or in social terms of the overall well-being of the population

n3. ____________________________: a process of exploitation of an area by a wealthier nation that benefits the wealthier nation’s economic growth but leaves the exploited area with a legacy of inequality, lost resources, political instability, and environmental degradation that makes future development very difficult to achieve

n4. Key problem with following Western Europe’s and the U.S.’ model of development: these nations were never underdeveloped, only ____________________________, making this model not useful for other areas

nB.5. Western Europe and later the U.S. became “_____________________”: capitalist economies based on industrial production and on services; the most powerful nations economically, politically and militarily in the world

n6. Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and most of Asia became part of the “_______________”: relatively poor and weak nations, most of which were formerly colonies of core nations, and that today have economies mainly based on agriculture and mining; however, industry is growing because of availability of cheap labor

nB.7. underdevelopment of the periphery is _____________________________________________ the development of the core as capitalist economies in the core expanded to incorporate the rest of the world as peripheries

n8. elites in the ____________________________ extract profits from rural areas to increase their own wealth and power, just as core nations extract profits from the periphery, leaving rural areas impoverished

n9. the most underdeveloped regions are those with the ____________________________________ to the core but whose industries went bust (e.g. sugar in Northeastern Brazil and the Caribbean, silver in Peru and Mexico)

n10. dictators and conservative elites ________________________________ with Britain and later the U.S. for their mutual economic and political benefits, excluding the rest of society

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V. Argentina and the Challenges of Independence

nA. The Age of Rosas

n1. ongoing conflict for five decades between Buenos Aires _____________________________ exporting grain, beef and wool to Britain and importing British manufactured goods versus interior elites trying to protect local production

n2. Juan Manuel de Rosas became a ______________________, representing ranchers and Buenos Aires merchants’ interests

n3. Rosas government ______________________________________ from pampas and built modern, fenced ranches for exporting

n4. landed elites and merchants reached a ________________________________ during the 1860s and 1870s that ended civil wars and provided political and economic stability for foreign investment, mainly from Great Britain

nB. The Liberal Era, 1870-1930

n1. ______________________________________ built railroads, larger ranches, more farms, and meat processing and refrigeration facilities

n2. British steamship lines, refrigeration, and ______________________________________ facilitated exports to and business with Great Britain

n3. exports of ______________________________________ made Argentina the most prosperous nation in Latin America

n4. Argentine government promoted ____________________________________ to provide labor for agricultural production

nC. Despite many similarities with the U.S. in late 1800s, why didn’t Argentina develop like the U.S. did?

nD. Video: “Americas: The Garden of Forking Paths”

n1. What were the relationships between Argentina and Great Britain?

n2. What impacts did these relationships have on Argentina?

VI. The Amazon Rubber Boom and Bust
A. Origins of the Rubber Boom
1. Technological innovations in the _____________
a. Charles Goodyear and ___________________________ of rubber in 1839 to stabilize rubber for use in industrial products
b.  Development of internal combustion engine and ________________________ in late 19th and early 20th centuries
2. The Amazon was the only source of _______________________________
A.3. The Result: A New and More Extensive Incorporation of the Brazilian Amazon into the __________________________, driven by technological and economic changes in the core, not by the internal characteristics of the Amazon; a continuation of the __________________________________
B. Characteristics of the Rubber Industry
1. Rubber trees ____________________________ to avoid pests, requiring many workers to collect the rubber
2. to keep the tree healthy, rubber can only be extracted ___________________
B.3. difficulty of __________________________________ meant:
a. ________________ provided the main means of moving people and supplies into the region and rubber out of the region
b. maintaining trails between rubber trees required a lot of _________________
4. dispersion of workers throughout the forest made _______________________ by the owners of rubber tree lands difficult
a. Video: “Fitzcarraldo”: the process of extracting rubber




B.5. river transport allowed rubber barons to control workers by controlling access via _____________________________________ (continuing the indigenous and colonial pattern)
6. rubber barons created a system of ___________________ to strengthen their control over workers: owners loaned money and supplies to workers, and workers repaid with rubber
a. if rubber collection or prices were too low, the worker fell into debt to the owner and was not allowed to _______________
B.7. some workers were able to escape these forms of control, but it was difficult and very risky because __________________________ (usually murder) was used against those who were caught
8. shortage of labor in the region resolved by large scale migration of _______________________________________ from other parts of Brazil, especially the Northeast: Amazon population rose from 137,000 non-indigenous people in 1820 to 323,000 in 1870 and 1,217,000 in 1910
C. The Height of the Rubber Boom
1. dispersion of labor, debt peonage, and transport systems allowed _______________________________ to maintain their control over local operations, rather than being operated by transnational corporations (as was already the case in mining in the periphery)
2. Shortage of local capital meant that ___________________________________ loaned money to local landowners and merchants, who reinvested profits in rubber
C.3. investment in extraction and transport facilities was typically ______________________________ (meaning that trading posts, ports, boats, etc. could not be used for other purposes)
4. this sunk and inflexible nature of investment made it difficult for companies to use these investments for other purposes, making it ______________________ after the bust
5. ________________________ populations continued to decline, be assimilated, or retreat to more remote areas of the Amazon
C.6. per capita income in the region increased by __________ between the mid-1800s and 1910; the region became one of the wealthiest in the world
7. although some profits were exported to British trading companies, a very large part was retained by _____________________ and capitalists and by the Brazilian government and reinvested in the region
a. Video: “Fitzcarraldo”: the wealth of Manaus, the center of the rubber industry





C.8. few local _________________ (few inputs were supplied by local industries and no advanced industrial processing of rubber into tires and other products took place in the Amazon)
9. One Common Criticism of the Rubber Boom: Why were Amazonian capitalists and the Brazilian government so foolish as to reinvest profits in this one natural resource-based industry?
a. this is a ____________________________: 70 years of boom is a very long time, especially for companies for whom 5 or 10 years is a very long time period for planning
C.9. b. investing in rubber offered some of the ____________________________ available anywhere in the world from 1840 to 1910
c. a bust was not inevitable: it was due to the theft of seeds by the ___________________, who set up rubber plantations in Malaysia where there were no natural pests
d. most important reason for bust was that the dependence only on natural rubber from Brazil limited ____________________________ in the core; this created a very strong incentive for companies and governments to find a substitute such as plantation production
D. The Rubber Bust
1. ________________________________ stole rubber tree seeds and developed plantations in their colony in Malaysia where there were no natural pests
2. Rubber _________________ crashed in 1910s as plantation production increased supply
3. the regional economy completely ________________________: jobs disappeared, companies went bankrupt, and the region became impoverished once again
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VII. Conclusions

nA. Colonial legacies of _____________________ shaped politics and economics after independence

nB. __________________________ position after independence was more favorable for development than those of the former Spanish colonies

nC. Argentina was able to build a development model based on ______________________________ to Britain after a long period of conflict

nD. The global economic crisis of the 1930s revealed the economic and political ______________________ of dependence on foreign investment and exports to Europe, leading to dramatic political and economic changes in Latin America