Indigenous Groups

•I. Indigenous Groups 500 Years After the Conquest

•II. Active Resistance: The Kayapo

•III. Efforts for Genocide: Guatemala

•IV. Conclusions

I. Indigenous Groups 500 Years After the Conquest

•A. How did any indigenous people survive the disease, slavery, warfare, and other impacts of European colonialism?

•1. combination of armed resistance, retreat to remote areas, official policies of ___________________ to maintain cheap indigenous labor, creation of __________________, partial assimilation, and political efforts to establish and protect ________________________________

•2. almost all nations now formally recognize the rights of indigenous peoples to maintain their _____________

•B. Threats to Indigenous Survival ___________________________

•1. government development efforts and _____________________ to foreign investment have opened even the most remote regions for mining, oil production, ranching, dam building, and other uses by domestic and foreign firms

•2. indigenous rights assertion often seen as __________________________ by militaries and elites

II. Active Resistance: The Kayapo

•A. Long History of _____________________

•1. territory in a remote region of the central Amazon with ____________________________

•2. reputation for _______________________________________ even today

•3. first major incursion: the discovery of ___________________________

•4. Kayapo response: took a ___________________________________ in 1985 and forced the Brazilian government to recognize their lands and pay royalties from gold mining to them

•B. The Next Threat: Plans to Build a ____________________ in late 1980s

•C. Video: “The Kayapo: Out of the Forest”

•1. Why do the Kayapo oppose the dam building proposal?

•2. How does Paiakan try to organize the Kayapo?

•3. What role do resources from gold mining royalties play?

•C.4. What role does national and world opinion play in the Kayapo strategy?

•5. What is life like in the Kayapo village?

•6. What evidence is there of assimilation into Brazilian society?

•7. What are the likely long term consequences of contact and confrontation with Brazilian society?

•D. Despite this success, plans for the dam have been revived after a ________________________________, and it is likely that the dam will be built soon

III. Efforts for Genocide: Guatemala

•A. Long Tradition of _____________________________________

•1. European conquest created a small ladino (criollo, ostensibly white) _______________________ that controlled the economy and politics

•2. many ladinos are actually ________________ (people of mixed race) who are “whitened” by wealth

•3. some ___________________________ was possible across the class and racial lines of ladino, mestizo and Indian, but ________________ against Indians was a key feature of society

•4. migration to the capital city or coastal plantations by Indians created limited opportunities for social class and racial ________________________

•5. ________________________ retained distinct culture and way of life in the highlands

•B. Revolution of 1944-54

•1. ____________________________ in 1944 ended rule of a military dictator and challenged ladino control

•2. elected government in 1945 began __________________ (taking limited amounts of land away from elites), labor law reform, and increasing _________________________________________

•3. elected Arbenz government in 1950 introduced a ____________________________ that took unused land away from elites and U.S.-owned United Fruit Company

•4. _____________________________________, lobbied by United Fruit, viewed this land reform as communism in disguise in the context of the Cold War

•C. U.S.-Backed Coup in 1954

•1. _________________ sponsored an “invasion” by a small group of Guatemalan exiles in 1954 that, supported by the elite and the military, overthrew the elected Arbenz government

•D. Military Repression

•1. military-dominated governments used violence against any perceived enemies, including sponsoring ______________________________________

•2. this violence generated even more __________________ to the military government, especially by Indians

•E. Rebellion and La Violencia, 1978-85

•1. _________________________________ movement made up mainly of Indians began a war of liberation against class and racial inequality of ladino elite and military control

•2. military and elite viewed rebels as ________________________________

•3. military and death squads killed ______________________________ suspected of supporting the rebels

•4. one million people became ____________________

•5. army moved _____________________ into Indian areas and resettled Indians into new towns controlled by the army

•F. Incomplete and Uncertain Peace

•1. peace agreement in 1996 ended ________________________________-

•2. _______________________________________ continue on a smaller scale

•3. Indians have created a new ___________________________ that unites Indians

•4. efforts to gain _________________________________ for indigenous languages and laws have failed, highlighting the maintenance of racism and race and class based inequality

IV. Conclusions

•A. Destructive impacts of colonialism did not ________________________ indigenous peoples

•B. Even groups that have successfully resisted ________________________________ up to now face still face threats to their survival

•C. ________________________________ based inequalities remain key features of Latin American societies