Gender in
nI. Introduction
nII. Gender in
nIII. Gender in
nIV. Conclusions
I. Introduction
nA. Basic Concepts
n1. _________: social
characteristics that a society considers proper for its males and females
n2. in nearly every culture, there
are very different _______________________ for each gender
n3. in nearly every culture,
traits defined as masculine are _________________ than those defined as
feminine
n4. the result is
______________________________: men’s and women’s unequal access to power,
prestige, and property on the basis of their gender
nB. Cultural Concepts about
Gender in
n1. ______________________: an
ideal of female conduct based on the Virgin Mary, affirming women’s moral
superiority by prescribing a life of humility and self-sacrifice
n2. ____________________: the
aggressive assertion of male domination and chauvinism
n3. economic and political
changes are challenging these ____________________ throughout
nC. Women’s Changing Economic
Roles
n1. economic crises since 1980
made it difficult for families to _______________________________
nC.2. large scale movement of
women into the _______________ has broken down the stereotype of men’s place in
the workforce and women’s place in the _______________
n3. many women work in the
_______________________, without legal protections about minimum wages or other
benefits
n4.
_____________________________ employing mainly female workers have multiplied
throughout
nD. Women’s Changing Political
Roles
n1. parallel movement of women
into politics throughout the region in recent decades, erasing the men in public/_________________________________________
nD.2. first stage of women’s
political involvement usually via development of ________________________:
social movements organized by women to access the resources that they need to
be good mothers; usually made up of the poor who are seeking help with
difficulties of daily life
n3.
______________________________: social movements directly challenging male
dominance in the economy and politics; mainly composed of middle class and
upper class women
II. Gender in
nA. Machismo
n1. a real man is
________________________________ always ready to prove his manhood, and
dominant and sexually aggressive in relations with women
n2. men essentially driven by
their ________________________________
n3.
_______________________________________, with men in the public sphere of paid
labor and politics
n4. male ____________________
nB. Marianismo
n1. _________________________
as main role of women
n2.
_________________________________ in the household (private/domestic sphere,
not public)
n3. dependence on __________
n4. women have
___________________________________ over childlike men, especially mothers over
sons
n5. women’s
______________________________ based on being a good mother and taking care of
the family
nC. Women’s Movements
n1. an early source of
resistance that was permitted by the ___________________________________ as
part of its efforts to open up politics in the 1980s
n2. feminine movements of
___________________________ of major cities sought to pressure the government
to provide water, sewers, electricity, schools, healthcare, and other essential
services to their families
n3. feminist movements mainly
composed of middle class and upper class women developed that pushed for
______________________________________________
na. 1988 constitution includes
provisions for __________________________________________
nC.4. efforts to combat
_______________________________________ have been a major focus of feminist
movements over the past two decades
na. O.J. Simpson in
nb. women’s
__________________________________ for women to report domestic violence, rape
and other crimes to female police officers who would take women’s complaints
seriously
III. Gender in
nA. The Historical Role of
Women in Economics and Politics
n1. the first country to admit
women to ______________________________
n2. many middle and upper class
women were able to become _____________________ and other types of
professionals
n3. first nation to give women
the ___________________________ in 1949 (same year as
n4. however, women were still
______________________________ by their fathers and husbands
nB. The Allende
Government and _____________________________ Divisions Among Women
n1. problems of poverty and
inequality and the socialist government’s efforts to address them led to the
political _____________________________________________ of some women across
all social classes
n2. most Chilean women
______________________________________ Allende’s
radical reform efforts
n3. upper and middle class
women ____________________________________ to Allende
in their roles as mothers because of growing political violence and shortages
of consumer goods
nC. Pinochet’s
U.S.-backed Coup and Women’s Roles
n1. loss of democracy and the
murders of thousands of suspected opponents of the military regime led many
women to _____________________________________________
n2. poor women organized
________________________________________ to earn income and provide services
for their families
n3. women entered the
_________________________ in growing numbers in order to survive and care for
their families
nD. The 1988 Vote Against
Pinochet and its Consequences for Women
n1. Pinochet expected that
____________________________________ him in the plebiscite as they had during
his coup, especially because of renewed economic growth in the 1980s
n2. continuation of ______________________________
since the end of the Pinochet regime leaves many poor and working class women
struggling to care for their families
IV. Conclusions
nA. Women have a long history
of _____________________________, both in the household (including as unpaid
family labor on farms) and in the workplace
nB. Recent years have seen an
________________________________ for women in the informal and the formal
economy and in politics
nC. Cultural ideas about gender
are _______________________________ than economic and political roles
nD. Economic and political
crises push societies toward _________________________________ in the economic
and political roles of women and in cultural ideas about gender
nE. There are still
____________________________________ to gender equality in