Africa

• I. Natural Characteristics of Africa
• II. Pre-Colonial History
• III. The Transatlantic Slave Trade
• IV. European Colonialism in Africa
• V. Post-Independence: North Africa
• VI. Post-Independence: West Africa
• VII. Post-Independence: Central Africa
• VIII. Post-Independence: East Africa
• IX. Post-Independence: Southern Africa

I. Natural Characteristics of Africa

• A. Huge __________________________
• 1. many areas with high _________________________
• 2. large areas of savanna suited to _________________________
• 3. large areas of ___________________
• B. Lack of ____________________ in some areas
• 1. Sahara Desert in North Africa and Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa
• 2. frequent ______________________ in many areas of Central, East and Southern Africa
• C. Tremendous ________________ resources
• 1. __________ in North, West, and Southern Africa
• 2. _________________ in West Africa
• 3. ___________ in West, Central and Southern Africa
• 4. _________________________________ in Central Africa
• 5. ________________________________ in Central and Southern Africa
• 6. ___________ in Southern Africa
• 7. ____________________ in North, West, and Central Africa

• D. Tremendous diversity of ____________________________________
• 1. Sahara and Kalahari deserts
• 2. ___________________ in West Africa
• 3. ____________________________ in most of Central, West and East Africa
• 4. _________________ in Central and Southern Africa

II. Pre-Colonial History

• A. Origins of the _________________________
• 1. first _________________ developed in East Africa
• 2. _______________ spread to Europe and Asia, and then to the Americas
• B. African Kingdoms
• 1. _________________ empires began 3000 BCE (5,000 years ago), 2,000 years before ancient Greek civilization began
• 2. many large scale ______________________ in West, Central and Southern Africa by 500 BCE
• B.3. large empires centered on ______________________ that provided transportation, irrigation and fertile land: Nile, Congo, Niger, Senegal Rivers
• 4. _______ production and _________________ techniques highly developed by 300 BCE, a level of technological development significantly greater than in _________________

• C. Impacts of _____________
• 1. Major goals: _____________ and seeking ____________________ to Islam via recruiting, trade networks, and conquest beginning in the 700s
• 2. ______________________ of African kingdoms often converted to Islam because of commercial benefits of increased trade
• 3. elites promoted conversion of __________________
• 4. _________________________________________ practices often maintained alongside Islam
• C.5. _______________________ across the Sahara and via the Indian Ocean to the Middle East, Europe and Asia
• a. __________________________ justified Transatlantic slave trade because of existing trade and some African societies’ use of slaves
• D. The _____________________ of Greater Zimbabwe
• 1. What was life like in Greater Zimbabwe?

• 2. What relationships did Greater Zimbabwe have with the rest of the world in the 1400s?

III. The Transatlantic Slave Trade

• A. The Arrival of ______________________
• 1. _______________________ established trading posts along West African coast in late 1400s and 1500s
• 2. during the 1600s, Dutch, English, French, Spanish, Swedes and Danes established _________________________ around the coast of Africa, mainly to ______________________________ for export
• 3. __________________ founded first permanent European settlement in 1652 in South Africa, laying the foundation for _________________

• B. The Extent of the ____________________
• 1. ________________ million people taken from Africa between 1500 and 1870
• 2. __________________________ more people killed in slave raids and the forced marches to the coast
• 3. some captured by _______________________, but most bought from _____________________________________
• 4. at least 15% died in horrible conditions on ____________________

• C. Impacts of _____________________

1. provided labor for _____________________________ in North and South America that exported to _______________________

• 2. supplied 10-20% of the ___________________________________ during the Industrial Revolution in ____________________________
• 3. enriched the ______________________________________ who sold slaves in Africa
• C.4. __________________________ of young males and females from the interior of Africa ______________________ many societies
• a. loss of most _______________________________
• b. loss of people of _________________________________
• c. ___________________ destroyed homes, crops, and herds
• d. all of these combined to inhibit ______________________________

• D. ____________________________ and the Slave Trade
• 1. the kingdoms on the west coast of Africa ________________________ from the slave trade, but their economies became focused on _______________________________
• 2. interior kingdoms often _____________________ the slave trade, fighting with Europeans and the coastal kingdoms
• 3. most kingdoms __________________ until the late 1800s

IV. European Colonialism in Africa

• A. Colonialism before the 1880s
• 1. very few _____________________ before 1880s
• a. _____________: Algeria, Senegal, Gabon on coast
• b. ________________: coastal areas of South Africa, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria
• c. ________________: Angola, Mozambique
• d. _____________ (Ottoman Empire): Egypt, Libya
• 2. only about ______ of the total area of Africa colonized
• B. ____________________ of 1884-85 and the _____________ for Africa
• 1. recognition of __________________ in South Africa in 1869 (diamonds), Belgian efforts to capture _____________________ resources in the Congo, French efforts to secure ________________________ in West Africa, and British seizure of Egypt from the Ottomans to protect the new ___________ linking Europe to India (a British colony) began a rapid process of takeover of Africa between 1880 and 1914
• B.2. Berlin Conference set the ground rules for European competition to __________________________ colonies in Africa
• a. drew up ____________________________ between colonies that divided existing African ______________________________________________ ________________________ features
• B.2.b. main goal: reduce the potential for African ______________________ by separating existing __________________________ into different colonies and ___________________ groups with histories of conflict into the same colony
• 3. by 1914, only ____________ in West Africa and ________________ in East Africa remained independent
• B.4. imperial powers converted colonies to ________________________, and extraction of other resources for export to Europe to support ______________ and _____________________ in World Wars I and II

• C. Consequences of Colonialism in Africa
• 1. African states and Africans lost _____________ to control domestic economies, politics, education, and culture or to control international relations
• 2. existing ________________________ often used as puppets by Europeans to control colonies
• 3. colonial powers often __________________ "traditional leaders" to control colonies
• C.4. the status of _______________ declined
• a. traditional __________________________ systems in which women had high degrees of power in the family and often in politics were destroyed
• b. men’s work for wages as _____________________ in mines and on plantations was seen as valuable, but ______________________ in the home and maintaining the farms the men left behind was seen as being of little value
• C.5. imperial powers created "_________________": loyalty to the largest group of people claiming descent from a common ancestor at some time in the remote past; or people of the same ethnic and language group
• a. African kingdoms before colonialism were all _____________________ and often incorporated __________________________
• b. NOT stereotypical ___________________________ constantly at war with each other, as ___________________________________________ often claim
• C.5.c. imperial powers _____________________________________ between ethnic groups to cause "___________________" that prevented groups from uniting to oppose the imperial power
• 6. _____________________ of the African economy: colonies were linked to European imperial powers and ____________________ from other parts of Africa, creating underdevelopment
• C.6.a. to make a __________________ from Ghana (British colony in West Africa) to Ivory Coast (a French colony next door), the call went from __________________________________
• b. today, to fly from one ___________________________ to another, it is still very common to have to fly from Africa to London or Paris, and then back to Africa
• c. African colonies were prevented from _____________ with each other or with other nations
• C.7. African ___________________ industries wiped out by competition from mass produced _________________________ from Europe
• 8. imperial emphasis on ________________________ by men in mines and plantations destroyed traditional agricultural systems, economies, and cultures
• 9. economic growth took place mainly in _______________________: locations of mines and plantations that exported to the core but had no links to the local economy, so this growth did not create development in the area
• C.10. traditional ____________________ agriculture replaced with monocrop plantations that made Africa more vulnerable to _______________________

__________________________________

• 11. colonialism created chronic ___________________________________ of African children because of monocrop plantations and low wages for African workers that made buying enough food difficult
• D. Independence in 1950s and 1960s
• 1. ____________________________ to imperial powers, declining economic and political position of European nations after World War II, and pressure from ______________________________ to end colonialism led to almost all African colonies becoming independent
• D.2. ___________________________ created by Berlin Conference became new ________________________, even though they had little relationship to pre-existing African _____________________________________________

____________________________________

• E. Comparing Colonialism in Africa and Latin America: What was different?
• 1.

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• 6.

• 7.

V. Post-Independence: North Africa

• A. Basic Characteristics
• 1. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt
• 2. _________________ cultural legacy as part of Ottoman and earlier Arab empires (different from the rest of Africa)
• 3. lack of ____________: Sahara Desert
• 4. _________ in Libya and Algeria
• A.5. European powers take over _____________________ territories 1830s-1910s: ______________ took Algeria, Tunisia and part of Morocco; ______________ took Egypt; _______________ took Libya
• 6. independence in 1950s and early 1960s
• B. Egypt
• 1. Nasser (1952-70) promoted ______________ via:
• a. ________________
• B.1.b. ___________________ (increasing economic and political ties between all Arab nations)
• c. _______________________ (increasing ties between all African nations)
• d. _________________________________ (increasing ties between all peripheral nations in an effort to become more independent from the core)
• 2. Sadat (1970-81) promoted development by:
• a. __________________________
• B.2.b. making peace with ___________________
• c. as a result, becoming the second largest recipient of _________________
• 3. Mubarak (1981-present) restored ties to __________________, but confronts a growing ________________ movement (replace government with one based on Islamic law) because of continued extreme poverty
• C. Libya
• 1. ______________ becomes center of economy in 1960s
• 2. __________ led by Muammar al-Qadhafi in 1969
• 3. invested oil money in _________________________: universal health care, housing, education
• 4. support for "__________________________" that the U.S. government calls "________________"
• C.5. U.S. _______________ Tripoli (Libyan capital) in 1986 because of support for "________________"; alienated many U.S. _____________
• 6. possible involvement in _____________________________ bombing in 1987 in retaliation for raid; agents now on trial at the Hague

VI. Post-Independence: West Africa

• A. Shared Historical Characteristics
• 1. many of the largest African ____________ were based in this region
• 2. large _____________________ linked by long distance ______________ to the Middle East and Asia, often based on ______________ exports
• 3. _______ region bordering the Sahara Desert often subject to ___________
• 4. long tradition of ____________ across political borders in the region
• A.5. ___________ became the largest religion in the region
• 6. large role in _______________________
• 7. modern states all created by territorial division between ______________: France, Germany, Great Britain and Portugal
• 8. _______________ left modern states with different systems of government administration and unconnected ______________________
• B. Shared Current Characteristics
• 1. _________________ because of overgrazing of savanna and deforestation
• 2. efforts to promote regional ____________________________________
• C. Guinea
• 1. former French colony opted out of the _______________________, France’s system for maintaining ties between its former _____________ in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean by having a common ________________ (the French franc), open borders between members for ____________________, and a ____________________ (which in effect authorized France to intervene _________________ when instability threatened its former colonies)
• C.2. France _______________________ to Guinea’s choice and withdrew its aid, government personnel, and other resources
• 3. __________________ government has ruled since 1958, but politics have become more open since ________________________ of 1992
• 4. world’s largest exporter of ____________, mainly to the U.S.; ___________ of the economy
• 5. economy remains very poor and underdeveloped, despite pre-colonial level of ______________________________________
• D. Liberia
• 1. unique history:
• a. founded by _______________________ who returned in the early 1800s, often via funding from ______________________________ seeking to find a way to ________________________
• b. one of two countries that did not become ____________________ because of political ties to _________
• D.2. _______________________ (Americo-Liberians) became the dominant _________ until 1980 and formed __________________ relations with indigenous people
• 3. one of the world’s largest _______________ exporters before civil war of the 1990s, mainly to the U.S.
• 4. ___________________________ established by Firestone in early 1900s
• D.5. ________________, high unemployment, and dislike of rule by ________ in 1970s led to a coup in 1980 led by Samuel Doe, who became the first _________________ president
• 6. _____________ problems continued in 1980s
• 7. Charles Taylor began _____________ at the end of 1989
• 8. other West African nations sought to end war by _____________________, but failed
• 9. Taylor __________________ in 1997, mainly on the hope that he could ____________________ , but forced into exile by renewed war in 2003
• 10. first ____________________________ in Africa, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, elected in 2005
• E. Nigeria
• 1. largest source of Africans for _____________________
• 2. British colony administered by ___________________ policies that promoted ________________________________________ groups to maintain British _____________________
• 3. became one of the world’s largest ________ exporters after independence in 1960
• E.4. _______________________ by elite leadership has led to political instability, rebellions, and repeated ________________________
• 5. much of oil wealth has been _____________________, thus failing to lead to development and improved living conditions for the population

VII. Post-Independence: Central Africa

• A. Shared Characteristics
• 1. large areas of ___________ in most of the region that inhibited the construction of ______________
• 2. __________________ colonial heritage
• 3. large _____________________________________ resources first developed under colonial rule
• 4. ______________ have maintained a high degree of economic and political control over the region
• B. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa, Zaire)
• 1. originally a ________________ colony (but joined ___________________ after independence because of its perceived economic benefits)
• 2. _______________ colonial exploitation the harshest in Africa
• a. colony operated as a ____________________ by the Belgian King Leopold
• b. ________________________________

B.2.c. Belgian colonial rule so harsh that other imperial powers sought to force Belgians to _______________________

• 3. huge ____________________ very profitable for Belgium: Congo became one of the world’s largest exporters of ______________________
• 4. probably the most severe case of ____________________ in Africa: at independence in 1960, only 16 Congolese had ___________________; the nation was completely __________________________
• B.5. ________________ against Europeans after independence led them to leave; combined with the lack of educated Congolese, the government and mining businesses virtually ____________________
• 6. civil war ended by ____________________________ support for authoritarian Mobutu government
• 7. Mobutu and his elite allies _____________________ of the profits from raw materials exports and foreign aid, leaving most people in desperate poverty
• B.8. _____________ began in 1996 and has expanded into a _____________ involving Rwanda, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Uganda and the Sudan, breaking with the African tradition of usually not becoming involved in _________________________

VIII. Post-Independence: East Africa

• A. Shared Characteristics
• 1. long history of ______________ on savanna
• 2. historical ties to long distance ________________________
• 3. frequent ____________ that lead to famines and mass starvation
• 4. _____________ became the dominant religion centuries ago
• 5. long tradition of __________________ to the Middle East
• A.6. opening of ________________ in 1869 made African ___________ along Red Sea a focus of imperialist _________________ because of the opportunity to control _____________________________, a tradition that continued through the Cold War and into the present: the USS Cole (the ship that was damaged by a bomb last week) was visiting Yemen, just across the Red Sea from Somalia
• B. Rwanda
• 1. pre-colonial kingdom divided between a small _____________________, the Tutsi, and a much larger _________________, the Hutus
• 2. German and then Belgian imperial powers exploited this division to __________________
• 3. ___________ after independence in 1962 led to overthrow of __________, many of whom fled
• B.4. in 19994, Tutsi seized control again after ____________________ sought to wipe out Tutsi, and millions of Hutu fled the country
• 5. more than ____________________________ in three months, most of them Tutsi or Hutus who favored maintaining a multiethnic society
• 6. conflict between these groups now part of wider __________________ in the Congo
• C. Somalia
• 1. divided between __________________ empires during colonialism
• 2. coup in 1969 by Siad Barre created a dictatorship that _________________ in neighboring countries and failed to promote development in Somalia
• 3. armed conflict, drought and _____________________ in early 1990s led to United Nations _______________________
• C.4. ____________________ led the United Nations intervention because of the ______________ importance of Somalia along the main ______________ route from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea and then to the Mediterranean
• 5. __________________ to capture Mohammed Farah Aideed, the most powerful of the "____________" who led one of the dozens of competing groups, failed and led to the deaths of a number of U.S. soldiers and U.N. retreat, leaving Somalia in a decade of _____________

IX. Post-Independence: Southern Africa

• A. _______________ Legacy
• 1. ________________ founded a settler colony in South Africa in 1652 and imported slaves from Asia and other parts of Africa
• 2. Dutch established a system of _____________________________ that evolved into apartheid in the 1900s
• 3. _________________ took over South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe during 1800s to exploit _______________________________
• B. South Africa
• 1. many ___________________ left South Africa for the interior to escape British control in the 1830s after the British abolished _______________
• 2. _______________ (Afrikaners/Boers) fought a long war against the British
• 3. the British won, but peace settlement allowed the creation of a formal system of ___________________________
• B.4. __________________ maintained system of racial inequality after independence in 1910
• 5. this system provided __________________________ with cheap, easily controlled ____________, since blacks had no _______________
• 6. South Africa served as a ____________________ of the U.S. and Western Europe after World War II, fighting against ___________________________ movements in the rest of the region that were sometimes supported by the _____________________
• B.7. economic ________________ of South Africa during 1980s by Europe and the U.S. led to ____________________ that ended apartheid
• 8. Nelson Mandela, a former rebel and then political prisoner, became ____________________ in 1994
• 9. despite efforts of nonracial democratic government to promote development and improve the living standards of the poor, most nonwhites remain _________ and whites remain ___________________

X. Conclusion

• A. Shared Challenges
• 1. extreme _____________________: Africa is poorer today than in 1960
• 2. insecurity of ____________________
• 3. ____________: highest rate of infection and deaths in the world, wiping out large segments of many nations’ populations
• 4. numerous _______________
• 5. legacy of ________________ and colonial underdevelopment as ____________________________
• A.6. ______________________ destruction
• 7. ____________________ governments in some nations, using inherited colonial _____________________
• 8. large ____________________
• 9. structural adjustment programs to meet demands of _____________ and _________________________ that push down wages and standards of living for most of _______________________
• B. Positive Trends
• 1. transition to ______________ in some nations
• 2. rising levels of ____________________
• 3. improved __________________ systems in most nations
• 4. ability of most African governments to avoid _______________________
• 5. increasing amount of attention to improving the ______________________