Africa Part 1

• I. Natural Characteristics of Africa
• II. Pre-Colonial History
• III. The Transatlantic Slave Trade
• IV. European Colonialism in Africa
• V. Post-Independence: North Africa
• VI. Post-Independence: West Africa
• VII. Post-Independence: Central Africa
• VIII. Post-Independence: East Africa
• IX. Post-Independence: Southern Africa

I. Natural Characteristics of Africa

• A. Huge __________________________
• 1. many areas with high _________________________
• 2. large areas of savanna suited to _________________________
• 3. large areas of ___________________
• B. Lack of ____________________ in some areas
• 1. Sahara Desert in North Africa and Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa
• 2. frequent ______________________ in many areas of Central, East and Southern Africa
• C. Tremendous ________________ resources
• 1. __________ in North, West, and Southern Africa
• 2. _________________ in West Africa
• 3. ___________ in West, Central and Southern Africa
• 4. _________________________________ in Central Africa
• 5. ________________________________ in Central and Southern Africa
• 6. ___________ in Southern Africa
• 7. ____________________ in North, West, and Central Africa

• D. Tremendous diversity of ____________________________________
• 1. Sahara and Kalahari deserts
• 2. ___________________ in West Africa
• 3. ____________________________ in most of Central, West and East Africa
• 4. _________________ in Central and Southern Africa

II. Pre-Colonial History

• A. Origins of the _________________________
• 1. first _________________ developed in East Africa
• 2. _______________ spread to Europe and Asia, and then to the Americas
• B. African Kingdoms
• 1. _________________ empires began 3000 BCE (5,000 years ago), 2,000 years before ancient Greek civilization began
• 2. many large scale ______________________ in West, Central and Southern Africa by 500 BCE
• B.3. large empires centered on ______________________ that provided transportation, irrigation and fertile land: Nile, Congo, Niger, Senegal Rivers
• 4. _______ production and _________________ techniques highly developed by 300 BCE, a level of technological development significantly greater than in _________________

• C. Impacts of _____________
• 1. Major goals: _____________ and seeking ____________________ to Islam via recruiting, trade networks, and conquest beginning in the 700s
• 2. ______________________ of African kingdoms often converted to Islam because of commercial benefits of increased trade
• 3. elites promoted conversion of __________________
• 4. _________________________________________ practices often maintained alongside Islam
• C.5. _______________________ across the Sahara and via the Indian Ocean to the Middle East, Europe and Asia
• a. __________________________ justified Transatlantic slave trade because of existing trade and some African societies’ use of slaves
• D. The _____________________ of Greater Zimbabwe
• 1. What was life like in Greater Zimbabwe?

• 2. What relationships did Greater Zimbabwe have with the rest of the world in the 1400s?

III. The Transatlantic Slave Trade

• A. The Arrival of ______________________
• 1. _______________________ established trading posts along West African coast in late 1400s and 1500s
• 2. during the 1600s, Dutch, English, French, Spanish, Swedes and Danes established _________________________ around the coast of Africa, mainly to ______________________________ for export
• 3. __________________ founded first permanent European settlement in 1652 in South Africa, laying the foundation for _________________

• B. The Extent of the ____________________
• 1. ________________ million people taken from Africa between 1500 and 1870
• 2. __________________________ more people killed in slave raids and the forced marches to the coast
• 3. some captured by _______________________, but most bought from _____________________________________
• 4. at least 15% died in horrible conditions on ____________________

• C. Impacts of _____________________

1. provided labor for _____________________________ in North and South America that exported to _______________________

• 2. supplied 10-20% of the ___________________________________ during the Industrial Revolution in ____________________________
• 3. enriched the ______________________________________ who sold slaves in Africa
• C.4. __________________________ of young males and females from the interior of Africa ______________________ many societies
• a. loss of most _______________________________
• b. loss of people of _________________________________
• c. ___________________ destroyed homes, crops, and herds
• d. all of these combined to inhibit ______________________________

• D. ____________________________ and the Slave Trade
• 1. the kingdoms on the west coast of Africa ________________________ from the slave trade, but their economies became focused on _______________________________
• 2. interior kingdoms often _____________________ the slave trade, fighting with Europeans and the coastal kingdoms
• 3. most kingdoms __________________ until the late 1800s

IV. European Colonialism in Africa

• A. Colonialism before the 1880s
• 1. very few _____________________ before 1880s
• a. _____________: Algeria, Senegal, Gabon on coast
• b. ________________: coastal areas of South Africa, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria
• c. ________________: Angola, Mozambique
• d. _____________ (Ottoman Empire): Egypt, Libya
• 2. only about ______ of the total area of Africa colonized
• B. ____________________ of 1884-85 and the _____________ for Africa
• 1. recognition of __________________ in South Africa in 1869 (diamonds), Belgian efforts to capture _____________________ resources in the Congo, French efforts to secure ________________________ in West Africa, and British seizure of Egypt from the Ottomans to protect the new ___________ linking Europe to India (a British colony) began a rapid process of takeover of Africa between 1880 and 1914
• B.2. Berlin Conference set the ground rules for European competition to __________________________ colonies in Africa
• a. drew up ____________________________ between colonies that divided existing African ______________________________________________ ________________________ features
• B.2.b. main goal: reduce the potential for African ______________________ by separating existing __________________________ into different colonies and ___________________ groups with histories of conflict into the same colony
• 3. by 1914, only ____________ in West Africa and ________________ in East Africa remained independent
• B.4. imperial powers converted colonies to ________________________, and extraction of other resources for export to Europe to support ______________ and _____________________ in World Wars I and II

• C. Consequences of Colonialism in Africa
• 1. African states and Africans lost _____________ to control domestic economies, politics, education, and culture or to control international relations
• 2. existing ________________________ often used as puppets by Europeans to control colonies
• 3. colonial powers often __________________ "traditional leaders" to control colonies
• C.4. the status of _______________ declined
• a. traditional __________________________ systems in which women had high degrees of power in the family and often in politics were destroyed
• b. men’s work for wages as _____________________ in mines and on plantations was seen as valuable, but ______________________ in the home and maintaining the farms the men left behind was seen as being of little value
• C.5. imperial powers created "_________________": loyalty to the largest group of people claiming descent from a common ancestor at some time in the remote past; or people of the same ethnic and language group
• a. African kingdoms before colonialism were all _____________________ and often incorporated __________________________
• b. NOT stereotypical ___________________________ constantly at war with each other, as ___________________________________________ often claim
• C.5.c. imperial powers _____________________________________ between ethnic groups to cause "___________________" that prevented groups from uniting to oppose the imperial power
• 6. _____________________ of the African economy: colonies were linked to European imperial powers and ____________________ from other parts of Africa, creating underdevelopment
• C.6.a. to make a __________________ from Ghana (British colony in West Africa) to Ivory Coast (a French colony next door), the call went from __________________________________
• b. today, to fly from one ___________________________ to another, it is still very common to have to fly from Africa to London or Paris, and then back to Africa
• c. African colonies were prevented from _____________ with each other or with other nations
• C.7. African ___________________ industries wiped out by competition from mass produced _________________________ from Europe
• 8. imperial emphasis on ________________________ by men in mines and plantations destroyed traditional agricultural systems, economies, and cultures
• 9. economic growth took place mainly in _______________________: locations of mines and plantations that exported to the core but had no links to the local economy, so this growth did not create development in the area
• C.10. traditional ____________________ agriculture replaced with monocrop plantations that made Africa more vulnerable to _______________________

__________________________________

• 11. colonialism created chronic ___________________________________ of African children because of monocrop plantations and low wages for African workers that made buying enough food difficult
• D. Independence in 1950s and 1960s
• 1. ____________________________ to imperial powers, declining economic and political position of European nations after World War II, and pressure from ______________________________ to end colonialism led to almost all African colonies becoming independent
• D.2. ___________________________ created by Berlin Conference became new ________________________, even though they had little relationship to pre-existing African _____________________________________________

____________________________________

• E. Comparing Colonialism in Africa and Latin America: What was different?
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