Brazilpt1

Latin America and Brazil

I. Colonialism, Independence, and the Development of Underdevelopment
II. The Brazilian Economy
III. Brazilian Politics
IV. Race in Brazil
V. Urbanization in Brazil
VI. Gender and Family in Brazil
VII. Religion in Brazil
VIII. Brazil and Globalization

I. Colonialism, Independence, and the Development of Underdevelopment

A. The _____________________ of Latin America
1. ___________________ conquered Brazil
2. __________________ conquered most of Latin America: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, plus Central America and Mexico
3. British, French and Dutch divided ________________________________
B. The Colonial Era: 1500-Early 1800s
1. Imperial powers exported ______________________________________ from Latin American colonies
2. _______________________ used for labor initially, but most __________ quickly in mines and on plantations
3. imported _______________________________ for labor
B.4. most land owned by ________________________________ who were granted land by European _____________ (plantations, haciendas, latifundia); no small _____________________________________
5. concentrated land ownership and slavery produced highly _____________ and ________________ societies, with a small, very ________________ and the vast majority _______________________
C. Independence during the 1800s
1. Spanish _______________________ rebelled against Spain in 1810s and 1820s and won independence
2. Brazil became independent in 1825
3. new nations modeled laws after ___________________________ and sought to become _________________________________
4. _______________ blocked _______________________________ by the rest of society, and the _________________ often seized direct control and installed __________________
C.5. ________________________, the most powerful core nation in the 1800s and early 1900s, replaced Spain as the major __________________________ in Latin America (just as was the case in the _________________ industry)
6. despite independence, Latin American nations were unable to become _____________ like the core nations: why?
D. The Development of __________________________
1. ____________ legacy of concentration of ____________, extreme _____________, exporting ____________________________ and agricultural products to the core, and blocked political ____________________ made economic development difficult
2. ____________________: economic progress measured either by economic growth or in social terms of the overall well-being of the population
D.3. Key problem with following the ______________ model of development: the core was never ____________________, only ____________________, making this model not useful for other areas
4. ___________________________: a process of exploitation of a periphery by a core nation that benefits the core nation’s economic growth but leaves the periphery with a legacy of inequality, lost resources, political instability, and environmental degradation that makes future development very difficult to achieve
D.5. underdevelopment of the ____________________ is part of and _____________ to the development of the ____________ as capitalist economies in the core expanded to ________________________ the rest of the world as peripheries
E. Metropolis/Satellite (______________________________) Relationships
1. ______________ in the cities of the periphery extract profits from ___________________, just as core nations extract profits from the periphery
E.2. _________________________ develop economically and industrially when their ties to the _________ are ____________________ (e.g. World War I and the Great Depression of the 1930s in Brazil and Argentina)
3. however, when ties are restored, previous development is ______________

____________________________________

4. the most underdeveloped regions are those with the _________________ to the core but whose industries went ____________ (e.g. rubber in the Amazon, sugar in Northeastern Brazil)
F. Latin America Today
1. ______________ legacy of extreme inequality, political instability, exporting to the core, and underdevelopment ______________________________
2. efforts to promote development focus on attracting ___________________ and forming regional ________________________
3. some ___________________ is occurring, but most people remain _______
4. Brazil as representative of current conditions

II. The Brazilian Economy

A. The _________________ Economy
1. Brazil divided into 15 ___________________
2. large plantations used _______________________ (mainly slavery) to produce sugar and other exports
3. ________________________________ had most government responsibilities, making them the most powerful ______________________ and making the state weak
4. _______________________________ forbidden by Portuguese
5. relied on products like sugar, brazilwood, and oil for lighting for ________________________
A.6. landowners used _______________________ relations to control the population: ____________ gives labor and loyalty to the _______________ in exchange for protection, land and water; used in Sertao, Northeast, and other parts of Brazil
B. Post-Independence Economy: 1825-1910
1. _______________ industry continued in Northeast, but much lower profits
2. _________________ in the Amazon
B.3. ____________________ in southern Brazil: Brazil became the world’s largest exporter of __________________
a. ending of slavery in 1888 led to promotion of _________________ from Italy, Japan, and later Germany to grow ______________
4. first small scale industries developed to serve the __________________ (textiles, household goods, etc.)
C. _______________________________ Industrialization during World Wars and Great Depression
1. weakened ties to core reduced markets for ______________ and gave __________________ to Brazilian businesses and the Brazilian government to build ________________ to supply the local market
2. jobs in factories in ____________ began drawing millions of rural people to cities
3. Video: “Brazil: New World in the Tropics”
a. major historical periods and raw materials exports
b. the Brazilian racial system
c. the role of the Amazon
d. the construction of Brasilia, the national capital
e. living conditions for different sectors of the population

D. Return to _________________________ Development: 1970-Present
1. military government promoted __________________________ industrialization (producing consumer ____________________ like cars and airplanes and the machinery and other inputs used in factories)
2. _______________________ like iron ore, bauxite and other minerals in the Amazon to mine, process and export raw materials to the core
3. ____________________________ used to pay for development efforts
4. military government held down _______________________, despite very high inflation, making ______________________ even greater but providing more funds for ___________________________
5. ________________- production for export to Japan in southern, central and now Amazonian Brazil throws rural people out of work because of _________________ production
D.6. _____________________________ in 1981 reduced demand for Brazilian ___________________
7. the economy _____________ and ____________________ was high
8. falling _________________ failed to provide enough money to repay ____________________, _____________________ the government
9. loans from _________________________________ to maintain payments on foreign debt required government to reduce ________________________ to the poor
10. economy recovered and grew in the late 1990s because of efforts to fight _____________, openness to ___________ investment, and formation of regional _______________________ agreement, Mercosur
11. global ___________________________ in early 2000s created a new crisis and growing poverty in Brazil

E. __________________ in the Brazilian Economy
1. tremendous ____________________ since colonial era
2. __________________ cycles in different raw materials industries that export to the core (e.g. rubber, coffee)
3. _________________ on and _________________________ to markets in the ________ for Brazilian products (_____________________________)

F. Relative levels of development in Brazil and the U.S.

GNP per capita in US dollars (2006)
Brazil: $4,730 (10.5% of U.S.; 92nd out of 209 countries in the world)
U.S.: $44,970 (10th out of 209 countries)
World Average: $7,439
Gross National Product: total value of all goods and services produced in the economy during the year
Source: World Bank World: www.worldbank.org

G. Income Inequality in Brazil vs. the U.S.

Gini Coefficient (measures inequality of income distribution):
2nd highest in the world for Brazil
35th highest in U.S. (out of 105 ranked)
Brazil: top 20% have 63.8% of total income bottom 20% have 3.4%
U.S.: top 20% have 46.4%
bottom 20% have 7.0%
Source: World Bank World Development Report 2000/2001: www.worldbank.org

III. Brazilian Politics

A. Historical Legacies
1. ______________________ created powerful large ______________________ who controlled politics locally and nationally after independence
2. ____________________________ relations required political loyalty of clients: vote as the patron orders
3. __________________________: first slavery, then debt peonage
4. weak ________________________ because of power of landowners
A.5. __________________________________ rather than reliance on the police and legal system
a. by _____________________________________________________
6. _____________________________ in the legal system:
a. "dar um jeito": to find a way ____________________________, often via __________________
B. The Evolution of the Brazilian Political System
1. control by large ________________________________________ with little democracy from independence through 1945
2. 1945-1964: democracy with growing power of _____________________ to get government to increase _______________________________________ via ISI from landowners to the working and middle classes in the cities
B.3. 1964-1985: ______________________ government to restore order by controlling democracy, eliminating ___________________________, and redistributing _________________ to large landowners and business owners by holding wages below __________________________
a. opposition to government treatment of __________________________ and the _________________________ by large project development in the Amazon were the first areas of public dissent allowed by the military
4. “The Kayapo: Out of the Forest”
a. visit to Tucurui to see its impacts on indigenous groups and the environment
b. opposing another dam at Altamira that would flood Kayapo land
c. How do the Kayapo use technology and resources from illegal gold miners to protect their lands?

C. 1985-Present: Return to Democracy
1. Given this history and the poverty of most Brazilians, why don’t the poor simply vote the elite out of power and make the government work to improve their lives?
a. continued _______________________________ of elites
b. use of _______________________________________: election of telegenic Collor with support of largest ________________________________
C.1.c. continuation of ______________________ system and lack of _________ in democracy means voters use the _________________________ before elections to secure _________________________________________ from candidates; the candidates who help people most then _______________________, but resources for these benefits come _____________________________
2. _________________________ of the government: the ______________________________ commercial
C.3. former _________________________________ Cardoso (his ideas were the basis of ______________________________________________) elected president after serving as finance minister who tamed inflation
a. cutting inflation did make many lower income Brazilians ______________ because their wages were ______________________________________, but an economic slowdown in 2000-2002 created more poverty
4. new president, Luiz Ignacio da Silva (Lula), a former factory worker and union leader, is the first _________________ president in Brazil’s history
a. efforts underway to try to reduce ________________________________, but agreements with _________ mean that economic policies must restrict government spending and not try to _________________________ from elites to the poor

IV. Race in Brazil

A. How is a person’s race determined in Brazil?
1. _______________________
2. ________________________
3. _____________________________________________________

________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________
B. How is the Brazilian racial system different from the U.S. system?
1. ____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________
B.6. ________________________________________________
7. _________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________
C. What are the similarities between the Brazilian and U.S. racial systems?
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________
C.6. ________________________________________________________
7. _________________________________________: structural barriers that block access to scarce resources

V. Urbanization in Brazil

A. Rapid urbanization since ________________
1. main causes:
a. _________ and lack of ______________________ in rural areas
b. mechanization of _______________________________ fewer rural jobs
c. __________________________ created relatively well-paying jobs in factories in cities
d. attraction of "____________________" in the cities
2. poor are _________________________, but are essential to the Brazilian _____________________________
A.3. efforts to use the _______________________ as a place for migrants to go, rather than the cities
B. Quality of Life in Brazilian Cities
1. Recife the 4th worst in the world
2. cities unable to provide _____________________ to keep up with rapid growth (_________________________________________________, etc.)
3. industries did not create enough ________________ for all migrants
B.4. most migrants moved into favelas (_____________________________) with poor ________________________________; often started and growing through _________________________ on government and private land
5. many work in ____________________________ (activity outside the legally regulated markets), including crime and drugs, but _____________________ small businesses and casual employment
6. _____________________________________ an increasing part of daily life
B.7. highly ____________________________ way of life in favelas
8. 8. Video: Documentary from “City of God”
a. How do police, drug dealers, and slum dwellers describe their lives and motivations?

b. What is the history of drug dealing and use in Rio?

c. What effects did the military government have on the creation of organized crime?

d. What roles do drug dealers play in the community?

e. How would you describe living conditions in the favelas?

C. Brasilia: The National Capital
1. new city built in late 1950s to __________________________________
2. built in the shape of an __________________________
3. _______________________: __________________________ sectors for government buildings, hotels, offices, apartments, houses, stores, etc.
C.4. _________________________ government officials’ salaries to get them to leave old capital of Rio de Janeiro
5. plans did not include ___________________________________________, who had to create their own favelas
6. _____________________________ architecture and layout of city
7. almost all government officials traditionally __________________________

__________________________________

8. efforts to "Brazilianize" Brasilia: ___________________________________

__________________________________

C.9. large ______________________________ on buses from interior leads to squatter favelas on the planned equivalent of the _______________________

VI. Gender and the Family

A. Machismo
1. a _____________________ is powerful, fearless, always ready to prove his manhood, and dominant and sexually aggressive in relations with women
2. men essentially ____________________________________
3. _______________________ division of labor, with men in the __________ sphere of paid labor and politics
4. male ___________________________
B. Marianismo
1. _________________________ as main role of women
2. _______________________________ labor in the household (private/domestic sphere, not public)
3. ______________________________ on men
4. women have _________________________________________ men, especially mothers over sons
5. women’s _______________________________ based on being a good mother and taking care of the family
6. increasing rate of ______________________________________
C. Socializing Children
1. homosexuality seen as caused by ______________________________
2. in Brazil, ___________ refers to the passive, feminine partner in homosexual intercourse; the aggressive, masculine partner is not considered gay
3. __________________________ is not viewed as negatively, since lesbians can be good mothers
C.4. mothers do not want ______________________________________, so they do not teach them to do tasks defined as women’s work
5. this reproduces ___________________________________________
6. important role of ____________________________: treating outsiders as family members
a. ________________________: close relationship with godchildren and their parents, especially sharing _______________________________
C.6.b. ________________________: people who live with a family and who are treated as family members, even though they are not related; often used as an informal ______________________________
7. close family ties and fictive kin in the Brazilian situation of scarce resources helps families _________________________
D. Women’s Movements
1. another early source of _________________________ that was permitted by the military government
D.2. ________________________ movements: organized by women to access the resources that they need to be good mothers; usually made up of the _________________ who are seeking help with difficulties of daily life
3. ____________________ movements: directly challenging male dominance in the economy and politics; mainly composed of _______________________ women
a. 1988 constitution includes provisions for ___________________________

________________________________

D.4. efforts to combat ________________________________
a. _________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________

VII. Religion in Brazil

A. Historically a ______________________ Country
1. Portuguese brought __________________________________________ to Brazil
2. Catholic hierarchy tied to large ___________________________________
3. many elements of _______________ religions and ____________________ religions incorporated into Catholic practice as "________________________"
4. chronic shortage of _____________________ left Catholics with little official control over beliefs and practices
B. Rise of Other Religions
1. _____________________: a variety of religious practices that share belief in supernatural spirits who communicate with humans through the temporary possession of devotees
a. Spiritism based in large part on African religions brought by slaves but ______________________________
b. had to survive in _______________________
c. has incorporated _________________________________
B.2. _________________________, and especially ____________________ groups, the fastest growing religions in Brazil
a. popular among ___________________________ because they provide a new family for isolated urban residents and offer power via efforts to provide new resources
C. _____________________ Theology in Catholicism
1. goal of providing a "________________________________________", rather than the hierarchy’s traditional ________________________________
C.2. implemented through ecclesiastical base communities (CEBs) that sought to improve the _______________________________
3. opposed by the ____________________________ in most instances
4. ______________________ in the 1990s because of democratization, collapse of communism in the Second World, papal opposition, and replacement of progressive bishops with conservatives

VIII. Brazil and Globalization

A. How is globalization affecting Brazil?
1.
2.
3.

A.5.
6.
7.

a.
B. What should the Brazilian government do to improve the lives of the poor?