China

Asia and China and Conclusions

I. Asia and the History of the World Economy
II. Natural Characteristics and Population
III. Chinese Politics
V. Socialization and Education
VI. Gender and Sexuality
VII. China’s Challenges
VIII. Conclusions

I. Asia and the History of the World Economy

A. Asia: The __________________________________
1. Asian ______________ (of which ______________________ is actually only a small part) the largest land mass, population center, and _________________ throughout the last 5,000 years of human history
2. ________________ the largest economy and population center until the 1800s
3. European ___________________________________________ finally allowed Europe to conquer part of China in the 1800s
B. European Colonialism in Asia
1. Europeans sought _______________________ and especially _______________ for industrial products in Asian colonies with large populations
2. Europeans utilized ____________________________ to rule Asian colonies (as was the case in Africa)
3. European colonies usually followed existing _____________________ in Asia created by formerly independent nations and by earlier empires’ (especially China and the Mongols) _____________________
B.4. Great Britain, France, Holland, Portugal, Spain, Russia, and Japan the major _________________________
a. the addition of ___________________ to the imperial rivalry in Asia was the main difference from Latin America, Africa and the Middle East
b. _________________ was the major rival for Great Britain in South Asia (India, Afghanistan) and China in East Asia (Mongolia, Siberia)
c. __________________ conquered part of China and Southeast Asia during 1930s, but lost World War II
C. Asia Since Independence
1. almost all of Asia has gained independence since ____________________, beginning with India in 1940s
2. China, North Korea, Viet Nam and USSR allied during _________________ against the U.S. and Japan
3. many violent conflicts against ______________ (e.g. Korean War, Viet Nam War), between ___________________ (e.g. India vs. Pakistan), and __________________ (e.g. Cambodia, Sri Lanka)
C.4. very rapid __________________________________ in Asia since independence
a. ____________ recovered from disastrous WW II to become the world’s second largest economy
b. __________________________ (Taiwan, South Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand) the fastest growing economies in the world since the 1960s
c. ________________ since opening to foreign investment and trade in the 1980s has again become one of the world’s leading economic and political powers
D. Asian Diversity
1. U.S. stereotype: all Asian nations and people are _____________ ("Asian-Americans")
2. instead, ___________________________ in culture, religion, economics, politics, and other social institutions
3. Asian societies usually seen as ____________________ (oriented toward the group and the good of the group) vs. Western ____________________ societies and cultures, but countries are very different, as we will see with China and Japan

II. Natural Characteristics & Population

A. Natural Characteristics of China
1. Large land area (larger than ___________)
2. Large climate and ecosystem ________________: from subtropical in south to temperate in north
3. Large areas of ____________________ that cannot support many people; more than 90% of the population lives on about _______________________
4. Agriculture in large _____________________, including Huang He (also called Yangtze or Yellow) River
5. Large size and difficulty of _________________ historically divided the country into distinct _______________________________________
B. Population Issues in China
1. 1.2 billion people today, about 20% of the _____________________
2. 91 million (8%) are ______________________________ distinct from mainstream Chinese (__________) culture
a. minority population ____________________________ because government did not impose ________________________ efforts on minority groups
b. many of these groups seek ____________________ from China, including via rebellion, such as Tibet, Muslims in southwestern China
B.2.c. Chinese government considers groups opposing its rule as "_____________" and is seeking support from the U.S. and the West as part of the "____________________" for its efforts to suppress minority populations
3. Tens of millions of culturally Chinese peoples in the ______________________ and other parts of the world
a. most are members of Chinese __________________________ in other Asian nations (Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc.) that are often _______________ against and killed as ___________________ because of economic success via economic ties to families and businesses in China
B.4. Threat of ___________________ because of lack of ______________________ land and large size of population seen as a major economic, social, and political threat by Chinese government
5. Large scale ______________ during Great Leap Forward in late 1950s and early 1960s because of decline in farm production as government sought to increase _______________________ by using workers to build infrastructure and factories
6. "___________________" instituted in 1979 intended to halt population growth; relies on financial penalties, public condemnation, and other ____________________, but only partly successful

III. Chinese Politics

A. Historical Imperial System
1. __________________________ imperial government formed 2,200 years ago led by ________________________
2. Relied on ___________________ control, with bureaucrats chosen by competitive examinations, allowing some ____________________________ for lower classes
3. Emperors periodically __________________ by rivals and invaders, but even foreign invaders were ______________________ into the Chinese imperial system
4. Revolts, lack of large navy and maritime trade, and other problems made China vulnerable to _________________________________ in mid-1800s
B. European and Japanese Colonialism
1. ________________________ (led by Britain, Germany, and Japan) seized parts of China and promoted _______________________ to weaken China and enrich Europe
2. _________________________ continued and rival political and military leaders fought each other and colonial powers for a century
a. most Chinese farmers and urban residents were repeatedly ______________ by various warring factions, leaving the economy _____________________ for a century and making daily life difficult and dangerous
3. ___________________ conquer China during World War II, but China regains independence in 1945
C. ___________________ Party Government and Taiwan
1. ___________________ Party regained control after World War II, but lost war with _____________________ Party in 1949
2. ___________________ Party retreated to Taiwan and still claimed to be the true Chinese ____________________
3. _____________________ Party Chinese are a minority of ________________ population, but maintain political control
4. China claims Taiwan as a ______________________________, and very few countries recognize Taiwan as an __________________________
C.5. Taiwan has never formally declared _______________________ from China
6. the status of Taiwan is an ongoing matter of dispute, including between the __________________________
7. the dispute over the ______________________ was mainly about asserting Chinese control over _________________________________
8. from the Chinese perspective, the U.S. ________________________________
D. Communist Government 1949-Present
1. Communist Party ___________________ in 1945-1949 seizes control of China
2. First major international involvement was ___________________ in early 1950s, creating a continuing tradition of conflicts with _________________
3. Communist Party had gained __________________________ by opposing landlords and warlords who exploited peasants, so first major policy was taking land away from landlords and creating _____________________________ (farmers share work, resources, and products, rather than owning individual farms) and giving land to __________________________
D.4. Communist Party used mass _____________________________ to try to reform China (take factories away from capitalists, fight corruption, instill socialist values of cooperation and group work and responsibility), but ___________________- remained and threatened the _____________________ of the Communist Party
5. Proletarian Cultural Revolution led by _____________________ in 1960s intended to end _____________________ by re-educating and re-socializing millions of party members, urban residents, former landlords and their families, and other groups suspected of opposing the creation of a Communist ___________________________
D.6. Communist Party developed an elaborate method of ______________ the population:
a. "_______________________": "moral and psychological transformation of the individual" to force people to accept the will of the Party via _______________
b. ____________________ to generate large scale public support and effort to change society and individuals (land reform, industrialization, etc.)
c. education focused on promoting __________________ rather than learning or skills
D.6.d. use of ____________ to encourage people and groups to follow these examples of good Communist behavior
e. large ________________, including capital punishment (one of only a few countries, including the _________, to have maintained the death penalty) and prison labor for private companies (like the _____________) to enforce laws
f. social control via _________________________, large police presence, and party supervision and spying, all the way down to the level of _______________________
D.7. ____________________ Party bureaucrats regained control by late 1970s, led by Deng Xiaoping
a. _____________________________ system decollectivized agriculture, recreating ______________________
b. economy began to be opened to _______________________, beginning an economic boom
c. __________________________ of Cultural Revolution reversed and opening to some competing _________________________ began
E. The Pressures for _________________________ Today
1. Deng’s political opening created hopes for _____________________ and denunciations of Communist Party ___________________ during the 1980s
2. In spring 1989, a ________________________ led demonstrations against the Communist Party, including taking over ________________________ in Beijing
3. A great deal of conflict inside the Communist Party took place over ________________, with some pressing for democratization and others denouncing demonstrators and calling for violence
E.4. _________________ (opponents of democracy, led by the military) won the debate and the ____________ moved into Beijing and killed hundreds or more likely thousands of students and residents, crushing the _______________________
5. Government sought to capture leaders of __________________________, but many escaped to the U.S. and other countries

IV. The Chinese Economy

A. The Imperial Economy
1. ____________________ the largest economic sector
a. More than 80% of all workers were ___________________
b. Most farms were relatively ______________
c. Some farmers owned their own land, but many were ________________ who rented land from landlords
d. many villages largely ____________________________
2. Significant ___________________________ production in cities
a. little _____________________________ until early 1900s
b. production focused on the _________________________
c. large ________________________________ during some periods
B. The Communist Economy, 1949-1980
1. Centralized government ___________________________
2. Farmland taken away from ___________________________________________ and turned into collective farms
3. Factories taken over by ____________________________________
4. Government sought to promote _____________________________ in cities and rural areas
5. Government also sought to promote ____________________________ (at least for everyone except corrupt bureaucrats who have remained a constant issue)
6. ______________________ severely restricted by government
B.7. Government firms responsible for all aspects of _______________________: housing, free medical care, consumer goods, job assignments, lifetime employment
C. Marketization and Privatization 1980-Present
1. Extremely rapid economic growth, mainly due to massive ____________________ in search of low cost labor; most core TNCs now in China
2. China now the location of choice for _____________________________________ and for increasingly high tech industries (e.g. computers, machine tools)
C.3. Government usually requires TNCs to operate as __________________________ with Chinese firms
a. partnerships sometimes with ___________________________, including firms owned by the Red Army, the prison authority, and other agencies and firms
b. many other partnerships between TNCs and firms owned by the ________________ of the Communist Party; many of these based on personal connections and corruption
4. Little enforcement of _______________________________ laws, leading to frequent production of stolen material (software, movies, CDs)
C.5. Many government firms ________________________________ of money each year because of outdated technology and cost of taking care of employees
a. little effort to sell government firms to ________________________
b. ________________________ to government firms being reduced
c. many government firms being forced to __________________________________; these job losses may be in the tens of millions, but the government does not make comprehensive data available
C.6. Workers in government firms are the main ___________________________ of the Communist Party, but these __________________ threaten to erode public support for the Communist Party
7. Restrictions on _______________________ eased in practice, allowing workers to move in search of work
a. leading to a growing number of __________________________, as well as substandard living conditions in cities, a new phenomenon in China
8. Growing number of ________________________________________ in urban and rural areas

V. Socialization and Education

A. Socialization
1. Most families with ________________________
2. Almost all children live in ___________________________
3. Significant role of _____________________________ in children’s lives
4. Preference for ___________ because of their perceived ability to care for parents leads to selective _________________________________
5. Communist Party tried to change socialization to instill ______________________, but only limited success
6. _______________________ becoming increasingly important for economic success
B. Education
1. Communist Party sought to change education from imperial system to instilling _____________________________________
2. Communist Party government dramatically increased the _____________________ of education and the ___________________________
3. Limited opportunities for _____________________________ in China
4. Lack of _______________________________ opportunities in China led to government support for graduate study abroad, including in the U.S.

VI. Gender and Sexuality

A. Gender Before the Communist Revolution
1. Basic conception: women should be ________________________
2. A woman’s duty before marriage was to _________________________, and after marriage to _____________________________________________
3. Women were obliged to satisfy their ___________________________________
B. Gender After the Communist Revolution
1. In the official ideology, women are ________________________ and are entitled to __________________________ and opportunities at work and at home
B.2. In practice, this ideology of ______________________________________
a. Women were often ___________________________________
b. return to small farms returned women to status as _________________________
3. Traditional ideas about the _____________________ were not replaced with new ideas about equality
4. ____________________________________ for women remain at significant levels
5. Many women have moved into __________________________________
C. Sexuality in Imperial China
1. ____________________________ reflected in sexuality
2. _______________ supposed to be the rule, but the wealthy and powerful able to have thousands or even tens of thousands of ______________________
3. _____________________________ restricted to their homes and not allowed to have contact with other men
4. Men were allowed to have ______________________ with multiple women, but women were to be ___________ and only have sexual relations with their husbands
C.5. _______________________: small feet were considered sexually attractive, so female children’s feet were __________________________ via breaking and deforming the bones of the foot from age 4 onward
a. 60-70% of women had _________________________ in the early 20th century
b. ___________________________ gradually disappeared by 1950
D. Sexuality Since the Communist Revolution
1. Communist government eliminated ____________________, including the selling of women and children
2. __________________________________ that controlled prostitution eliminated
D.3. Laws put in place enforcing ________________________________________
4. Prohibition of practices that __________________________ (including fortune-telling and ineffective traditional medicine)
5. Communist Party encouraged _____________________________ via strict media control and the elimination of sexual topics from literature
6. Strong norm against ____________________________
7. Economic changes leading to breakdown of Communist Party norms, including rebirth of __________________________________________________

VII. China’s Challenges

A. Increasing inequality and _______________________________
1. Threatens the _______________________ of the Communist Party, since one goal is supposed to be _____________________
2. Many people are becoming _____________________ and profiting from economic opening
3. Many others are ________________________ and view the new economy as the product of _______________________________________________________
B. Population Growth and One-Child Policy
1. Migration and prosperity undermining _____________________________; two children may be norm
C. Rapidly ________________________________
1. No __________________________________________________ for elderly
2. Children obliged to ______________________________________, but small number of children makes this difficult
D. Massive _______________________________
1. China’s cities among the _________________________________
2. _____________________________ for power and for households
3. Lack of effective __________________________________
4. Highly polluted ____________________
5. Depletion of _____________________________ for agriculture and cities
E. The Political Future
1. Continued pressure for ____________________ within China and from political exiles
2. Potential _________________________ due to massive unemployment and loss of benefits
3. Declining ___________________________ of government because of economic change and ________________________
4. Separatism and rebellions by ___________________________________
5. Potential _________________________________ with U.S., Japan, and other Asian nations that fear China’s power

VIII. Conclusions

•A. The Role of Social Institutions

•1. _________________________ have the same social institutions

•2. their characteristics and their impacts are _____________________________ in different societies

•a. religion can be a _________________________________________ in some societies (Middle Eastern Islamic societies), or minor influences on behavior

•b. political systems vary from _________________________________ (Brazilian military government, African military governments, Iraq under Saddam Hussein) to democracies (Brazil today, Israel)

•B. Social Stratification

•1. all societies have systems of social stratification based on _________________________________________________________

•2. these systems are _________________________________________ in different societies (e.g. how race is defined in Brazil via social class and appearance vs. the Middle East via ancestry and religion)

•3. these systems of inequality have tremendous impacts on ___________________________

•4. the system of _____________________________________ affects all aspects of individuals’ lives

•C. Connections Between Nations

•1. despite major differences in economics, politics, religion, values, norms, and other societal characteristics, all nations of the world have been ___________________________________________________

•2. ___________________________________________________ have taken place over long distances throughout human history

•3. ____________________________________ over the last 500 years has transformed societies and tightly linked economic and political systems, e.g. the impacts of colonialism in Latin America, Africa and Asia

•C.4. ____________________________ has replaced imperialism over the last 50 years, linking nations via investment and trade, rather than military conquest

•5. globalization has brought __________________________________________, spreading Western technologies (e.g. computers, satellite communications) and cultural products (movies, television shows like Baywatch) to even the most remote areas, transforming values, norms and economies throughout the world