China

Asia and China and Conclusions

IV. The Chinese Economy

A. The Imperial Economy
1. ____________________ the largest economic sector
a. More than 80% of all workers were ___________________
b. Most farms were relatively ______________
c. Some farmers owned their own land, but many were ________________ who rented land from landlords
d. many villages largely ____________________________
2. Significant ___________________________ production in cities
a. little _____________________________ until early 1900s
b. production focused on the _________________________
c. large ________________________________ during some periods
B. The Communist Economy, 1949-1980
1. Centralized government ___________________________
2. Farmland taken away from ___________________________________________ and turned into collective farms
3. Factories taken over by ____________________________________
4. Government sought to promote _____________________________ in cities and rural areas
5. Government also sought to promote ____________________________ (at least for everyone except corrupt bureaucrats who have remained a constant issue)
6. ______________________ severely restricted by government
B.7. Government firms responsible for all aspects of _______________________: housing, free medical care, consumer goods, job assignments, lifetime employment
C. Marketization and Privatization 1980-Present
1. Extremely rapid economic growth, mainly due to massive ____________________ in search of low cost labor; most core TNCs now in China
2. China now the location of choice for _____________________________________ and for increasingly high tech industries (e.g. computers, machine tools)
C.3. Government usually requires TNCs to operate as __________________________ with Chinese firms
a. partnerships sometimes with ___________________________, including firms owned by the Red Army, the prison authority, and other agencies and firms
b. many other partnerships between TNCs and firms owned by the ________________ of the Communist Party; many of these based on personal connections and corruption
4. Little enforcement of _______________________________ laws, leading to frequent production of stolen material (software, movies, CDs)
C.5. Many government firms ________________________________ of money each year because of outdated technology and cost of taking care of employees
a. little effort to sell government firms to ________________________
b. ________________________ to government firms being reduced
c. many government firms being forced to __________________________________; these job losses may be in the tens of millions, but the government does not make comprehensive data available
C.6. Workers in government firms are the main ___________________________ of the Communist Party, but these __________________ threaten to erode public support for the Communist Party
7. Restrictions on _______________________ eased in practice, allowing workers to move in search of work
a. leading to a growing number of __________________________, as well as substandard living conditions in cities, a new phenomenon in China
8. Growing number of ________________________________________ in urban and rural areas

V. Socialization and Education

A. Socialization
1. Most families with ________________________
2. Almost all children live in ___________________________
3. Significant role of _____________________________ in children’s lives
4. Preference for ___________ because of their perceived ability to care for parents leads to selective _________________________________
5. Communist Party tried to change socialization to instill ______________________, but only limited success
6. _______________________ becoming increasingly important for economic success
B. Education
1. Communist Party sought to change education from imperial system to instilling _____________________________________
2. Communist Party government dramatically increased the _____________________ of education and the ___________________________
3. Limited opportunities for _____________________________ in China
4. Lack of _______________________________ opportunities in China led to government support for graduate study abroad, including in the U.S.

VI. Gender and Sexuality

A. Gender Before the Communist Revolution
1. Basic conception: women should be ________________________
2. A woman’s duty before marriage was to _________________________, and after marriage to _____________________________________________
3. Women were obliged to satisfy their ___________________________________
B. Gender After the Communist Revolution
1. In the official ideology, women are ________________________ and are entitled to __________________________ and opportunities at work and at home
B.2. In practice, this ideology of ______________________________________
a. Women were often ___________________________________
b. return to small farms returned women to status as _________________________
3. Traditional ideas about the _____________________ were not replaced with new ideas about equality
4. ____________________________________ for women remain at significant levels
5. Many women have moved into __________________________________
C. Sexuality in Imperial China
1. ____________________________ reflected in sexuality
2. _______________ supposed to be the rule, but the wealthy and powerful able to have thousands or even tens of thousands of ______________________
3. _____________________________ restricted to their homes and not allowed to have contact with other men
4. Men were allowed to have ______________________ with multiple women, but women were to be ___________ and only have sexual relations with their husbands
C.5. _______________________: small feet were considered sexually attractive, so female children’s feet were __________________________ via breaking and deforming the bones of the foot from age 4 onward
a. 60-70% of women had _________________________ in the early 20th century
b. ___________________________ gradually disappeared by 1950
D. Sexuality Since the Communist Revolution
1. Communist government eliminated ____________________, including the selling of women and children
2. __________________________________ that controlled prostitution eliminated
D.3. Laws put in place enforcing ________________________________________
4. Prohibition of practices that __________________________ (including fortune-telling and ineffective traditional medicine)
5. Communist Party encouraged _____________________________ via strict media control and the elimination of sexual topics from literature
6. Strong norm against ____________________________
7. Economic changes leading to breakdown of Communist Party norms, including rebirth of __________________________________________________

VII. China’s Challenges

A. Increasing inequality and _______________________________
1. Threatens the _______________________ of the Communist Party, since one goal is supposed to be _____________________
2. Many people are becoming _____________________ and profiting from economic opening
3. Many others are ________________________ and view the new economy as the product of _______________________________________________________
B. Population Growth and One-Child Policy
1. Migration and prosperity undermining _____________________________; two children may be norm
C. Rapidly ________________________________
1. No __________________________________________________ for elderly
2. Children obliged to ______________________________________, but small number of children makes this difficult
D. Massive _______________________________
1. China’s cities among the _________________________________
2. _____________________________ for power and for households
3. Lack of effective __________________________________
4. Highly polluted ____________________
5. Depletion of _____________________________ for agriculture and cities
E. The Political Future
1. Continued pressure for ____________________ within China and from political exiles
2. Potential _________________________ due to massive unemployment and loss of benefits
3. Declining ___________________________ of government because of economic change and ________________________
4. Separatism and rebellions by ___________________________________
5. Potential _________________________________ with U.S., Japan, and other Asian nations that fear China’s power

VIII. Conclusions

A. The Role of Social Institutions

1. _________________________ have the same social institutions

2. their characteristics and their impacts are _____________________________ in different societies

a. religion can be a _________________________________________ in some societies (Middle Eastern Islamic societies), or minor influences on behavior

b. political systems vary from _________________________________ (Brazilian military government, African military governments, Iraq under Saddam Hussein) to democracies (Brazil today, Israel)

B. Social Stratification

1. all societies have systems of social stratification based on _________________________________________________________

2. these systems are _________________________________________ in different societies (e.g. how race is defined in Brazil via social class and appearance vs. the Middle East via ancestry and religion)

3. these systems of inequality have tremendous impacts on ___________________________

4. the system of _____________________________________ affects all aspects of individuals’ lives

C. Connections Between Nations

1. despite major differences in economics, politics, religion, values, norms, and other societal characteristics, all nations of the world have been ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________ have taken place over long distances throughout human history

3. ____________________________________ over the last 500 years has transformed societies and tightly linked economic and political systems, e.g. the impacts of colonialism in Latin America, Africa and Asia

C.4. ____________________________ has replaced imperialism over the last 50 years, linking nations via investment and trade, rather than military conquest

5. globalization has brought __________________________________________, spreading Western technologies (e.g. computers, satellite communications) and cultural products (movies, television shows like Baywatch) to even the most remote areas, transforming values, norms and economies throughout the world