SOC 304 BASIC CONCEPTS PART II

VI. Social Stratification

• H. Why are race and ethnicity important social facts?
• 1. __________________________________ is a fact of life in every nation; there are no __________________________
• 2. ________________________ (using one’s own culture to judge others, based on the belief that your culture is superior), ______________________________________ often guide people’s actions: the ______________________________________
• I. Why is there a trend of increasing conflict between racial and ethnic groups?
• 1. Nations include groups that were once considered _________________________
• 2. __________________________ to the First World
• 3. Global economy moves huge flows of _________________________________ across national boundaries
• How many races are there in the world?

• How many races are represented in this room?

• How do we classify people into different races?

• J. __________: a category of people who perceive themselves and are perceived by others as distinctive on the basis of certain biologically inherited traits
• 1.

• J.2. thousands of years of migration and intermarriage have ___________________
• 3. instead, race is a _________________________________________ based on shared social definitions, perceptions, and beliefs
• 4. in our society, these definitions are mainly based on ________________, but other societies use characteristics of ____________________________________________
• K. __________________: people who perceive themselves and are perceived by others as sharing distinctive cultural traits such as language, religion, family customs, and food preferences
• 1. used to describe _______________________________________
• 2. Example: ___________________________________________
• L. ______________________________: people singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination
• 1. based on _________________________________
• 2. NOT based on ____________________________________
• 3. _________________ groups can be minorities, e.g. blacks in South Africa under apartheid
• M. Patterns of Interaction Between Racial and Ethnic Groups
• 1. _____________________: systematic annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people based on their presumed race or ethnicity
• a. Example: the ______________________________________________________
• M.2. ____________________________: involuntary movement of a minority group
• a. Example: moving ___________________________________________________
• M.2.b. Combination of genocide and population transfer: ______________________: a policy of population elimination, including forcible expulsion and genocide
• c. Example of Ethnic Cleansing: _________________, with previously intermixed and intermarried Serbs, Croats and Muslims being separated forcibly into different regions
• M.3. ____________________________: the policy of economically exploiting minority groups by using social institutions to deny them access to full benefits of citizenship
• a. Example: _____________________________, with blacks forced to work for whites in mines and on farms
• M.3.b. ____________________: enforced separation of racial or ethnic groups under internal colonialism
• c. Example: _______________________________________________________ had separate schools, restrooms, and water fountains until the 1950s and 1960s
• M.4. _______________________: the process by which a minority is absorbed into the mainstream
• a. __________________: view that Americans of various background would blend into an ethnic stew
• b. Examples: i. ________________________: English, Irish, German, Scandinavian descendants have all been melted into U.S. culture and society
• M.4.b.ii. _________________________________: Native Americans forced to attend boarding schools and not allowed to learn their own languages
• M.5. _________________: a pattern of intergroup relations in which society permits or encourages ethnic variation (also called multiculturalism)
• 1. Example: Coexistence of ___________________________________________

VII. Social Change and Urbanization

• A. _________________________: the alteration of culture and societies over time
• B. Social Change and Technology
• 1. ______________________: tools, and the skills or procedures necessary to make and use tools
• 2. Technology and Culture: the type of technology a group has sets the framework for its ___________________________
• 3. _______________________: nonmaterial culture lags behind changes in material culture
• a. Why have a nine month school year?

• C. ________________________: the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities
• 1. ________________: a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food
• a. in 1900, only ____________% of the world’s population lived in a city
• b. by 1990, ________% lived in a city
• C.2. ______________ urbanization
• a. __________________________________: since the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s; e.g. London, New York, Chicago
• b. ____________________________: during the 20th century; e.g. Rio de Janeiro, Mexico City

VIII. Global Stratification

• A. ________________________: the integrated economic and political system linking the nations of the world
• 1. a relatively stable pattern of unequal ____________________________________ among nations has developed since the 1500s
• B. _________________________ (a.k.a. The First World, The West, The North, Industrialized Nations):
• 1. __________________________ of North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand
• 2. _________________ economies (market competition) based on industrial production and increasingly on services (_________________________)
• 3. most ____________________ nations economically, politically and militarily
• C. ________________________: (a.k.a. The Third World, The South, the Nonwestern World):
• 1. _________________________________ nations of Latin America, Africa and Asia
• 2. most have a _________________________ (formerly colonies of core nations)
• 3. economies mainly based on ________________________, but _________________ is growing because of availability of cheap labor
• 4. rapidly growing _________________
• D. _____________________________: nations midway between the core and periphery in terms of economic and political power
• D.1. First Type of Semiperipheral Nation: _______________________________
• a. increasing __________________ production, particularly ___________________
• b. based on ____________________________________of products to the First World
• c. South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa
• D.2. Second Type: The ________________ World (formerly ______________ nations):
• a. former ________________________________________________
• b. pulled out of the __________________________________ for a few decades
• c. economies formerly based on ___________________: state ownership of means of production & state planning of production & distribution
• D.2.d. large __________________ economies, but many industries are ________________________________
• e. making a __________________________________, but economies are still a mixture of capitalism and socialism
• f. strong ________________________________ to this transition and its social costs (unemployment, loss of free medical care, etc.)
• E. _________________________: the extensive interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism
• 1. Where were your clothes made?

• 2. globalization also produces ________________________ (e.g. popularity of "_____________________")
• 3. U.S. companies _________________ with companies from all over the world, ________________ in other countries, & ____________________ in other countries
• F. One Result of Globalization: Movement of _____________________________

• 1. North American Free Trade Agreement
• a. U.S., Canada and Mexico allow _________________________________ between all three nations
• b. low wages in Mexico give U.S. and Canadian firms an incentive to _______________________________
• G. Video: The Global Assembly Line
• 1. ________________________: low wage factories doing simple, labor intensive work
• 2. Working and living conditions

• 3. Role of women as workers in Special Economic Zones: types of jobs and why employers prefer to hire women

• 4. Role of technological change in allowing this movement of jobs to the periphery

• H. Relations Between the Core and the Periphery and Semiperiphery: The Colonial Heritage
• 1. ____________________: a nation’s attempt to create an empire through pursuit of unlimited geographical expansion
• 2. core nations sought __________________________________________ for industrial products by conquering the periphery and semiperiphery
• H.3. _____________________________: the process in which one nation takes over another nation, usually to exploit its labor and natural resources
• 4. Conquering and colonizing other nations allowed the core nations to become the most _________________________________________ nations in the world
• I. The End of _________________________
• 1. After World War II, most peripheral and semiperipheral nations became ______________________
• 2. However, ___________ nations remain the wealthiest and most powerful and _______________ nations remain poor
• 3. How does this happen?

• I.4. ______________________: the economic and political dominance of peripheral and semiperipheral nations by the core through control over capital, technologies, and the markets and prices for products
• 5. One mechanism of neocolonialism is ________________________________: companies based in the core that operate in many countries around the world
• I.6. Other Mechanisms of Neocolonialism:
• a. _________________: bank funded mainly by core nations to promote development and improved quality of life in poor nations; many loans used to pay _________________ to build dams, factories and other large projects that often prove to be __________________________
• b. _______________________________ (________): agency funded by core nations to loan money to bankrupt poor nations’ governments, in return for adopting policies that favor TNC investment and foreign trade and reducing _____________________
• I.6.c. General Agreement on _______________________________ (__________)/ __________________________________ (________): international treaties and agencies to administer them that have gradually expanded foreign trade and TNC investment around the world since the 1950s
• i. reduce governments’ ability to __________________________ (including allowing TNCs to close ____________________________ and open ____________________ in peripheral nations with lower wages and little environmental protection)
• I.6. d. ____________________________________________ (______): proposed treaty that would eliminate virtually all _______________________________ of TNC investment anywhere in the world; sparked worldwide ________________________

• e. _______________________________ (____________): citizens’ groups formed to promote environmental protection, human rights, democracy and other goals; many oppose __________________________________________________
• I.7. So why do peripheral and semiperipheral nations put up with this situation?
• a. because these investments by transnational corporations, foreign trade, and loans are the ____________________________________________
• b. few ___________________________ are available because of these international agreements and the _________________________________________

IX. Society-Nature Relationships

• Where does food come from?

• A. Inseparability of _____________________________
• B. _____________________________ Shape and Constrain Human Societies
• 1. ____________________ processes shape terrain, soil, minerals, and other resource availability
• 2. __________________ shapes agriculture, housing, clothing, etc.
• B.3. Characteristics of ________________________ shape human life (e.g. domesticated plants and animals, trees for timber, etc.)
• C. Natural Resources Distributed in a _________________________________
• 1. societies exhaust the ________________________ first, then must __________ them from greater distances from more _______________________ (e.g. deforestation in Europe and Japan creates need for timber from the Amazon)
• C.2. The need to get access to _____________________________________ production from distant regions presents a huge technological, economic and political _____________________________________
• 3. __________________________________________________ core strategies to solve this fundamental nature-society problem of resource access
• 4. ________________________________________ were early targets of European imperialism to acquire resources and thereby gain wealth and power
• D. Video: The Amazon and its Resources
• 1. What are the natural characteristics of the Amazon?

• 2. How is the Amazon different from temperate regions like the U.S.?

• 3. How would the characteristics of the Amazon affect human use?